武侠成真了?两篇Nature连发:输入年轻血液可以复活肌肉,而输入运动血液能让懒鼠变聪明!

2021-12-13 梅斯医学 MedSci原创

“返老还童”一直是武侠小说中的情节,也是所有人梦寐以求的目标。科学界一直在探究衰老的机制,以期从中发现抗衰老的有效靶点。

“返老还童”一直是武侠小说中的情节,也是所有人梦寐以求的目标。科学界一直在探究衰老的机制,以期从中发现抗衰老的有效靶点。

输血治疗是现代医学的重要成果之一。能否通过给老年人输注年轻人的血液来延缓衰老,甚至逆转部分的老化功能,是一项令人着迷而又艰巨的科学命题。

 

图片

图源:n.sinaimg.cn

 

而Nature子刊最近的一篇报道称,通过把年轻小鼠的血液输入老年鼠体内,可以使老年鼠的肌肉恢复活力。这项研究表明,年轻人的血液确实有帮助抗衰老的成分,或许可以成为抗衰老研究的新希望。

 

研究人员确定细胞外囊泡是这种抗衰老成分的运载工具。细胞外囊泡是一组细胞膜衍生结构,包括外泌体和微囊泡,是由细胞分泌到体液中的。它们大量存在于血液中并参与多种生理和病理过程。细胞外囊泡现在被认为是细胞间通讯的重要媒介。

 

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doi:10.1038/s43587-021-00143-2.

 

研究团队首先从年轻小鼠身上收集了血清,并将其注射到肌肉受伤的老年小鼠体内。与接受安慰剂治疗的小鼠相比,接受年轻血清的小鼠其肌肉再生能力增强,肌肉功能恢复更明显。

 

第二步,他们把血清中的细胞外囊泡去除而保留其他成分不变,这些无细胞外囊泡的血清被再次注入老年鼠体内。这次,年轻血清失去了改善肌肉功能的效果。

 

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细胞外囊泡示意图

图源:知乎

这足以证明,血清中的细胞外囊泡是使肌肉“返老还童”的主要成分。但是,细胞外囊泡本身并不具备功能,而是通过包裹核酸和蛋白等物质来实现跨细胞通讯。简而言之,下一步需要探究细胞外囊泡中的何种分子发挥了抗衰老功能。

深入研究后发现,细胞外囊泡将促进Klotho蛋白表达的分子(如mRNA)传递给了肌肉祖细胞。肌肉祖细胞是促进骨骼肌再生的重要干细胞

Klotho是一种“长寿蛋白”。在年轻动物中,肌肉损伤后Klotho的表达会飙升,而在老年动物中,它的表达保持相对稳定。通过提高老年动物的Klotho水平可以使它们在受伤后肌肉再生能力增强。

 

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doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07253-3.

 

研究团队对Klotho的功能进行了深入探究。他们发现Klotho主要通过促进线粒体功能来恢复肌肉的年轻状态。Klotho可以维持线粒体基质的完整性,这种完整性的丧失会诱导活性氧的积累,进而损伤线粒体DNA,并最终导致细胞衰老。

为了进一步证实Klotho是通过线粒体发挥功能的,研究人员构造了Klotho缺陷型动物,然后用一种名为SS-31的线粒体保护药物进行治疗。与未接受SS-31治疗的对照组相比,接受治疗的动物在受伤部位长出更多的新肌肉组织。

这进一步证实了Klotho与线粒体是一脉相承的。而细胞外囊泡将促进Klotho表达的物质从年轻小鼠转移给年老小鼠,这才实现了返老还童的功能。

 

图片

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07253-3.

 

研究团队表示,除了肌肉,年轻者血液还可以逆转衰老的其他表现。比如,血液的传递可以提高老年小鼠大脑的认知能力,而这对逆转衰老来说意义更为重大。

无独有偶,几乎同一时间,《Nature》刊登了另一项来自斯坦福大学的研究。在这篇文章中,作者正是证实了输血可以改善大脑的认知功能

研究人员将跑轮和3月龄的老鼠同时关在笼子里,这些老鼠相当于25岁的人类,它们会自动在跑轮上运动。与久坐不动的老鼠相比,一个月的运动使这些老鼠大脑中神经元和其他细胞的数量显著增加。

 

图片

med.stanford.edu

 

接下来,研究人员从运动鼠身上采集了血液。然后,他们把运动鼠的血浆注射到其他不运动的小鼠体内,每三天注射一次,每次注射量相当于小鼠总血量的7% ~8%。

在随后的两项记忆测试中,被注射运动鼠血浆的“懒鼠”的测试成绩明显优于对照组。此外,与对照组相比,注射运动鼠的血浆后,这些不运动小鼠的海马体中产生了更多的新神经元。海马体是一种与记忆相关的大脑结构,这说明小鼠的记忆的确得到了结构性改善。

进一步的研究发现,血液中的凝集素发挥着关键作用。运动鼠的血液中凝集素升高,将这些血液输送给其他小鼠后,凝集素会抑制炎症信号,进而改善大脑的认识功能。

 

图片

doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04183-x.

 

在人体试验中,他们同样证实了凝集素可以改善轻度认知障碍患者的大脑功能。这项研究表明,血液中的凝集素可以部分扭转大脑的衰退,并且这种能力可以通过输血来传递给其他个体。

输血逆转衰老已经得到了越来越多的证实。研究团队表示,未来需要进一步探明血液中抗衰老的具体物质并实现批量生产。或许未来有一天,“返老还童丹”将不再是神话。

 

参考资料:

1、Ambrosio F, et al. Regulation of aged skeletal muscle regeneration by circulating extracellular vesicles. Nature Aging, 2021. doi:10.1038/s43587-021-00143-2.
2、Zurine De Miguel, et al. Exercise plasma boosts memory and dampens brain inflammation via clusterin. Nature, 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04183-x.
3、A Sahu, et al. Age-related declines in α-Klotho drive progenitor cell mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired muscle regeneration. Nat Commun, 2018, 9(1): 4859. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07253-3.

 

撰文 | 官水木

编辑 | Swagpp

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    2022-10-06 liye789132251
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    2021-12-27 ms9000001767776726

    怎么获取原文链接啊

    0

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    2021-12-15 Boyinsh
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    2021-12-13 ms1000001342401093

    有意思

    0

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    2021-12-13 喝了多少杯

    年轻人会不会。。。

    0

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