ESH2018丨急性缺血性卒中的高血压管理

2018-06-17 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

2018年6月8日下午,在ESH 2018年会ESH高血压与大脑工作组高血压与卒中专场,Pedro Guimaraes Cunha教授代表ESH高血压与大脑工作组概述了该工作组有关急性缺血性卒中(AIS)血压管理临床试验解读及临床管理方面挑战的立场声明(该共识声明已于今年6月在线发表于Hypertension杂志),让参会者对于急性缺血性卒中的高血压管理有了更全面和深刻的认识。

2018年6月8日下午,在ESH 2018年会ESH高血压与大脑工作组高血压卒中专场,Pedro Guimaraes Cunha教授代表ESH高血压与大脑工作组概述了该工作组有关急性缺血性卒中(AIS)血压管理临床试验解读临床管理方面挑战的立场声明(该共识声明已于今年6月在线发表于Hypertension杂志),让参会者对于急性缺血性卒中的高血压管理有了更全面和深刻的认识。



Pedro Guimaraes Cunha教授

AIS患者高血压患病情况及血压管理意义

研究显示,AIS患者的血压在发病后4天内会呈现自发下降;且基线水平越高,降幅越大。就高血压而言,AIS患者中的患病情况不容忽视,故AIS患者的血压管理亟需关注。既往美国研究曾显示,急性卒中(包括急性缺血性卒中、颅内出血、蛛网膜下腔出血)患者中血压增高的患病率非常高。此外,多项研究显示,血压(包括急性期血压)对急性缺血性卒中患者的临床结局(包括卒中结局)有重要影响,AIS患者的血压似乎不能降得过低。



ESH工作组新共识认为,AIS患者血压管理需注意要处理好维持脑血流与保证AIS良好结局(避免脑水肿、出血性转化及继发性心血管事件)的平衡。

AIS患者考虑降压治疗时应牢记的关键事项

新共识强调,AIS患者的血压管理应关注卒中类型,不同病因类型的卒中患者特征、预后及所面临的风险存在一定差异。此外,AIS患者发病一小时内的血压变化幅度、降压治疗时机、梗死体积及是否存在颅内高压、既往有无高血压史及是否应用降压药物、是否存在心力衰竭及其他合并症等诸多因素也会影响AIS患者的临床结局。另外,AIS患者的血压管理还需要注重血压测量方法。新共识更加肯定动态血压监测的价值,血压测量时推荐使用经验证并合规的、袖带尺寸适宜的全自动袖带血压计,采取仰卧位休息3分钟后,选择未偏瘫手臂进行测量,且应测量3次(每次间隔2分钟),连续测量的平均值,并强调要选择标准化和预先规定的测量时间点进行测量。



AIS血压管理既往共识

欧洲卒中组织(ESO)2008版指南及2009年更新认为,AIS患者可耐受一定程度的血压增高,收缩压≤200 mm Hg或舒张压≤110 mm Hg无需干预;不推荐在急性卒中后进行常规降压治疗,或当患者多次测量显示血压极度增高(>220/120 mm Hg)、伴有重度心力衰竭、主动脉夹层或高血压脑病时,应考虑谨慎降压。此外,AIS患者应避免出现血压急剧下降。对于行溶栓治疗的患者,若血压≥185/110 mm Hg则推荐在溶栓前进行降压;对于卒中发病时伴有癫痫发作的患者,若神经缺陷与急性脑缺血有关,则推荐采用静脉rtPA进行溶栓;对于某些年龄大于80岁的患者,也可考虑采用静脉rtPA进行溶栓。

2018 AHA/ASA AIS患者早期管理指南强调,对于AIS患者应及时纠正低血压及低血容量以维持系统灌注从而保证器官功能。选择阿替普酶行静脉溶栓治疗的血压增高的AIS患者,应在溶栓治疗前将收缩压及舒张压分别降至<185 mm Hg和<110 mm Hg。

ESH高血压与大脑工作组的相关推荐及挑战分析

新共识对AIS患者发病24小时内的血压管理流程或路径作了详细推荐,强调首先要排除血压测量方法方面的错误及可导致血压增高的外界因素,确定患者存在血压增高。其次,在考虑对患者行降压治疗前,应测量至少2次在患者仰卧位休息3分钟后(最好3次)的血压或采取24小时动态血压监测的方式对血压数据行再次检查确认。再次,行降压治疗时应充分考虑患者是否存在安全性问题或相关的禁忌证;若出现患者血压水平>220/120 mm Hg、血压水平>200/100 mm Hg但伴有终末器官受累、溶栓治疗的患者溶栓前血压水平>185/110 mm Hg或溶栓后血压水平>185/105 mm Hg等情况时,可谨慎启动降压治疗。此外,新共识强调,AIS患者一经诊断应尽早行血压监测,监测时应选择效果及安全性都有保障的设备,并应至少1次同时测量双侧肱动脉血压;AIS患者起始溶栓治疗后应至少每15分钟监测1次血压持续2小时,然后至少每30分钟监测1次血压持续6小时,其后16小时则至少每小时监测1次血压,若发现患者出现低血压应积极查找原因。另外,新共识强调,AIS患者行降压治疗时前24小时应坚持缓慢降压(降幅5%~15%)避免血压大幅波动(降幅超过20%),最好选择快速起效、作用持续时间较短且无明显神经系统不良反应的降压药物。

当然,新共识也客观表示,目前AIS的急性期血压管理仍面临诸多挑战。首先,血压测量与记录仍面临方法学上的挑战;其次,卒中类型的定义及个体化治疗方法仍有待进一步统一及研究;再次,AIS患者起始降压治疗的时机仍有待进一步开展干预性临床试验来确定;最后,相关研究的样本量需足够大以得出有说服力的结论。

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  4. 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likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 17 11:17:15 CST 2018, time=2018-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-09 juanjuanfeiyang

    很好

    0

  5. 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likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 17 11:17:15 CST 2018, time=2018-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-19 flysky120

    学习高血压和脑卒中的关系

    0

  6. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88964, encryptionId=683a88964b0, topicName=血压管理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=793a2500200, createdName=12498e5fm12(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Jun 19 01:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1522102, encodeId=fe75152210215, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7989e00931' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESH#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7009, encryptionId=7989e00931, topicName=ESH)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=877111409735, createdName=wfang549, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 01:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1026079, encodeId=27ff10260e95b, content=卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!, 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  7. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88964, encryptionId=683a88964b0, topicName=血压管理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=793a2500200, createdName=12498e5fm12(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Jun 19 01:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1522102, encodeId=fe75152210215, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7989e00931' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESH#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7009, encryptionId=7989e00931, topicName=ESH)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=877111409735, createdName=wfang549, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 01:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1026079, encodeId=27ff10260e95b, content=卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!, 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likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 17 11:17:15 CST 2018, time=2018-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-19 wfang549
  8. 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likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 17 11:17:15 CST 2018, time=2018-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-17 健健

    卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!

    0

  9. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88964, encryptionId=683a88964b0, topicName=血压管理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=793a2500200, createdName=12498e5fm12(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Jun 19 01:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1522102, encodeId=fe75152210215, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7989e00931' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESH#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7009, encryptionId=7989e00931, topicName=ESH)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=877111409735, createdName=wfang549, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 01:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1026079, encodeId=27ff10260e95b, content=卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!, 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likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 17 11:17:15 CST 2018, time=2018-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-17 神功盖世

    0

  10. 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    2018-06-17 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.长知识

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