PNAS:科学治疗糖尿病突破针剂限制:口服“胰岛素药丸”或可逆转糖尿病

2018-07-01 佚名 细胞

如果让我们选择吃药或自己用注射器给自己注射,我们大多数人会选择通过吃药片来缓解健康状况。但是对于数百万患有糖尿病的人来说,每天一次或两次痛苦的针刺是唯一的选择,因为他们的身体不能自行生产胰岛素。

如果让我们选择吃药或自己用注射器给自己注射,我们大多数人会选择通过吃药片来缓解健康状况。但是对于数百万患有糖尿病的人来说,每天一次或两次痛苦的针刺是唯一的选择,因为他们的身体不能自行生产胰岛素。

对于很多1型糖友来说通过口服而非注射胰岛素就能控制好血糖,那会是极大的便利啊!

胰岛素的口服途径被认为是更方便,更安全,无痛的血糖控制方式,可以大大提高糖尿病友的生活质量。但是胰岛素作为蛋白质多肽类药物直接口服,不但不易通过胃肠道黏膜,并且会因胃酸及胃肠道消化酶降解而失活(有点像鸡蛋煮熟以后变成另外一种形态的感觉)

现在,哈佛大学约翰·A·保尔森工程和应用科学学院(SEAS)的研究人员已经开发出一种口服给药的方法,可以极大地改变糖尿病患者控制血糖水平的方式。

口服胰岛素不仅能改善全球4000万糖尿病患者的生活质量,还能减轻患者因无法无菌注射所导致的危及生命的感染

这项研究发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。

胰岛素疗法,通过皮下注射或胰岛素泵进行,通常能控制大多数糖尿病患者的血糖水平。但是很多人因为疼痛、害怕针头,以及对正常活动的干扰而无法坚持这个方案,由此导致的血糖控制不良的后果可能导致严重的糖尿病并发症。

找到一种口服胰岛素的方法是很难的,这种蛋白质在遇到胃的酸性环境时会失效,而且很难从小肠中吸收。新方法的关键在于将胰岛素放入由胆碱和天竺葵酸组成的离子液体中,然后将其放入带有耐酸肠衣的胶囊中。该制剂具有生物相容性,易于生产,可在室温下保存2个月,不降解,比市面上的一些注射胰岛素产品要长。

胰岛素一旦被人体吸收,就必须通过一个具有挑战性的障碍过程,才能被有效地吸收到血液中。我们的方法就像瑞士军刀,一粒药丸就像工具来解决遇到的每一个障碍。

通过将胰岛素-离子液体配方封装在肠衣中,团队克服了第一个障碍,抵抗胃酸在肠道中的分解。这种聚合物涂层在到达小肠更碱性的环境时就会溶解,在那里携带胰岛素的离子液体被释放出来。

当一个如胰岛素的蛋白质分子进入小肠时,许多酶的本职功能是降解蛋白质分解成更小的氨基酸,但是离子液体的胰岛素可以保持地很稳定。

胆碱-天竺葵酸的配方也被证明能够穿透最后的两个屏障——肠壁黏液层和肠壁紧密的细胞结合处,胰岛素等大分子药物无法通过这两个屏障。

其他研究人员已经尝试了各种方法来克服这些障碍——通过重新设计胰岛素分子,将其涂上保护层聚合物,并引入添加剂来抑制酶的分解或增强吸收。然而,目前诊所还没有口服胰岛素的产品。

通过口服而不是注射来提供蛋白质和肽类药物,一直是药物传递的圣杯。普劳斯尼茨没有参与这项研究,他补充说:“这项研究显示,口服胰岛素与离子液体结合的效果非常显着,就像常规注射一样。”这项研究对医学的意义是巨大的,如果这些发现能被转化成药物,能够安全有效地给人类注射胰岛素和其他肽药物。

口服胰岛素会更接近健康个体的胰腺分泌胰岛素到肝脏的方式,在肝脏中提取80%的胰岛素,其余的则通过血液循环,它还可以减轻长期注射的副作用。

Banerjee还注意到,离子液体的胰岛素可以在一个一步的过程中进行准备,这一过程可以很容易地扩大到廉价的工业生产,使制造的成本易于控制。

Mitragotri下一步计划进行更多的动物实验,以及长期的毒理学和生物利用度研究。研究人员乐观地认为,如果一切进展顺利,最终在人体上进行临床试验将更容易获得批准,因为他们的离子液体中的关键成分——胆碱和天竺葵酸——已经被认为是安全的。美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)制定了每日推荐剂量的胆碱,一种类似维生素的必需营养素;而在豆蔻和柠檬草中自然发生的一种化学物质,也被广泛地用作食品添加剂。

如果进一步的研究如预期的进展,该方法可用于其他蛋白的口服传递。

哈佛大学的技术发展办公室正在积极寻求这项技术的商业化机会,并通过布拉瓦特尼克生物医学加速器推动其发展。

新科技正在为我们带来越来越多的希望,未来糖尿病真的会像现在的感冒发烧一样好治疗了。只要大家维持血糖等各项指标平稳,在不影响自己生活品质和生命质量的前提下,等待更好的消息到来。

原始出处:

Amrita Banerjee,et al.Ionic liquids for oral insulin delivery.PNAS. June 25, 2018. 201722338.

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    2018-10-18 drwjr
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    2019-03-18 baoya
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    2018-07-02 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-07-02 lisa7513

    长知识了!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1856185, encodeId=5f24185618538, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Thu Oct 18 11:02:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1749982, encodeId=8aeb1e49982c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Mon Mar 18 23:02:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=328810, encodeId=f7b43288102e, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Mon Jul 02 21:38:23 CST 2018, time=2018-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=328771, encodeId=a709328e719e, content=长知识了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=26e277718, createdName=lisa7513, createdTime=Mon Jul 02 19:15:50 CST 2018, time=2018-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=328540, encodeId=f0563285405b, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Jul 01 22:15:36 CST 2018, time=2018-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=328483, encodeId=84ee32848380, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/03/18/9fba4e8a3782366829a5645367fdb658.jpg, createdBy=b5732293938, createdName=青山颖钰, createdTime=Sun Jul 01 14:34:52 CST 2018, time=2018-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=328479, encodeId=49033284e9c7, content=学习了!!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Sun Jul 01 14:17:09 CST 2018, time=2018-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-01 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-07-01 青山颖钰

    学习了

    0

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    2018-07-01 zb1235672

    学习了!!!!!

    0

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