Cell:上交房静远组等 揭示肠道微生物与肿瘤化疗耐受的重要分子机理

2017-07-28 BioArt BioArt

近期的一些利用小鼠模型得出的研究结论认为肠道微生物可能调控了一些免疫反应进而影响了癌症化疗的效果。然而,到目前为止相关的研究一直较少,而且仅限于小鼠模型。7月27日,来自上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院消化科的房静远教授、陈萦晅副教授、洪洁和陈豪燕副研究员以及美国密西根大学邹伟平教授合作在Cell杂志发表了题为“Fusobacterium nucleatum Promotes Chemoresist

近期的一些利用小鼠模型得出的研究结论认为肠道微生物可能调控了一些免疫反应进而影响了癌症化疗的效果。然而,到目前为止相关的研究一直较少,而且仅限于小鼠模型。7月27日,来自上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院消化科的房静远教授、陈萦晅副教授、洪洁和陈豪燕副研究员以及美国密西根大学邹伟平教授合作在Cell杂志发表了题为“Fusobacterium nucleatum Promotes Chemoresistance to Colorectal Cancer by Modulating Autophagy”的研究论文,该研究通过整合基因组学、生物信息学、生物学、动物模型和临床调查等手段系统的证明了核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum)促进结直肠癌对化疗的耐受是通过调节自噬实现的。该研究为临床上评估结直肠癌治疗后的复发风险和进一步加强联合治疗提供了非常广阔和重要的应用前景。

论文解读

结直肠癌(Colorectal cancer ,CRC)是全球范围内第三大发病率常见恶性肿瘤(乳腺癌排名第一),在所有肿瘤致死率中排第二位【1,2】。目前临床上针对重度结直肠癌患者主要采用化疗的手段进行治疗,主要的治疗药物包括抑制DNA合成的5-fluorouracil (5-氟尿嘧啶,5-FU)、Capecitabine(卡培他滨)和Oxaliplatin(奥沙利铂)等,临床上通常将这些药联合使用以取得最佳效果。然而,上述药物在治疗结直肠癌患者过程中往往面临着很强的药物抵抗性导致肿瘤复发率高,致死患者的五年存活率不超过10%【3】,而且遗憾的是对目前比较热门的免疫治疗没有很明显的反应【4】。

近年来,围绕肠道微生物相关的研究近年来已经是一个相当热门的话题,越来越多的研究表明,肠道微生物的变化与人类健康息息相关。最近有系列研究表明,肠道微生物在肿瘤特别是结直肠癌发生发展过程中具有重要功能【5-7】。

最近,有研究人员利用小鼠模型证明了肠道微生物可能调控了一些免疫反应进而影响了癌症化疗的效果【8,9】(相关研究在2013年的Science杂志上“背靠背”刊出)。然而,到目前为止相关的研究一直较少,而且仅限于小鼠模型。

此外,近期还有两项研究表明,在结直肠癌发生过程中,随着正常组织向肿瘤组织转化的过程中核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum)的丰度有显着地上升【10,11】(相关研究2012年“背靠背”发表在Genome Research杂志上),而且最近有研究表明人结直肠癌中核梭杆菌的含量与存活率呈负相关【12】,相关的分子机制也有一些研究。

综合上述研究背景,研究人员提出了一个重要的科学问题,那就是核梭杆菌与结直肠癌治疗中的药物耐受是否存在一定的关系?围绕这个问题,研究人员开展了一系列的相关工作,最红证明了核梭杆菌促进结直肠癌对化疗的耐受是通过影响microRNAs进行调节自噬实现的。

在这项研究中,研究人员首先对结直肠癌临床样本关联核梭杆菌的含量进行了大量的相关性研究,结果表明,核梭杆菌与临床上肿瘤的复发有着很好的相关性。然后研究人员开始了“大胆的假设”,即猜想核梭杆菌可能与结直肠癌治疗中的药物耐性受相关。当然,为了验证这一猜想,显然还需要“小心的求证”。求证的思路很简单,首先利用RNA-Seq手段分析了结直肠癌细胞是否与核梭杆菌共同培养的条件下基因表达的差异,结果表明自噬相关基因的变化最大,于是研究人员就选择集中在自噬方面进行深入研究。研究结果表明,在结直肠癌细胞系HCT116中,核梭杆菌能够激活自噬。

事实上有了上面清晰的证据,那么下一步显然是要证明核梭杆菌是否能够诱导的药物耐受并且是通过激活自噬实现的。相关实验也比较简单,只需要证明在核梭杆菌和化疗药物单独存在或者共同存在的情况下检测细胞凋亡和DNA损伤情况就比较清楚了,显然实验结果也充分表明了在有核梭杆菌的情况下,细胞面对化疗药物的毒性有所抵抗,这体现在细胞凋亡和DNA损伤程度都有明显的降低。置于该过程是否是通过激活自噬实现的,则很容易通过利用自噬抑制剂或者感染自噬关键蛋白来证明,最后的实验结果显然是支持这一点。

接下来自然会问核梭杆菌激活肿瘤细胞自噬的分子机理是什么。激活细胞自噬的分子机理可以有很多种,也难以寻找,然而前面的实验已经表明了核梭杆菌能够影响ULK1和ATG7的mRNA表达量,但是进一步实验又证明这一过程并不依赖与ULK1和ATG7启动子区域的转录激活。接下来怎么办?这里有一句同行总结出来的经典说法,那就是“If you run out of idea, do Seq/Screen”。

既然是ULK1和ATG7的表达量有变化,但是由于启动子区域的转录激活无关,那么很自然的会考虑到非编码RNA了。诚然,研究人员接下来做了miRNAs分析(当然有人会问怎么不做lncRNA和cirRNA分析),最终将激活自噬的目标锁定在了miR-4802和miR-18a*上。既然鉴定到了miR-4802和miR-18a*,那后面就要去证明它俩是否调控了核梭杆菌诱导的药物耐受,然后还需要进一步找出是哪些免疫信号通路调控了miR-4802和miR-18a*的产生。因为核梭杆菌作为病原菌显然要激活一些免疫信号通路,而已知TLR4和MYD88能够感受核梭杆菌的入侵并被激活,那么接下来的实验都顺理成章了。故事讲到这好像还差还差最后一步,那就是肿瘤动物模型实验,当然结果都在预料之中了。

故事讲到这里,差不多结束了。然而值得注意的是,上述三言两语描述的而背后都是科研人员付出极大的心血才得到的实验结果,可以轻松的阅读文献,但是也要体会研究背后的艰辛。更重要的是这个工作思路清晰,临床意义重大,可能会对同行研究人员有很大的启发。另外该文值得关注的一点是,这篇Cell共有五个共同通讯作者,而且其中一位是知名的华人生物学家、密西根大学医学院邹伟平教授,这表明了合作在一流学术研究中的重要性。据悉,房静远教授团队与邹伟平教授团队有着长期良好的合作关系,此前也共同发表了一系列重要的论文,看来这种合作模式可以是非常有效并且值得借鉴的。

原始出处
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[4]Zou, W., Wolchok, J. D., & Chen, L. (2016). PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-1 pathway blockade for cancer therapy: Mechanisms, response biomarkers, and combinations. Science translational medicine, 8(328), 328rv4-328rv4.
[5]Arthur, J. C., Perez-Chanona, E., Mühlbauer, M., Tomkovich, S., Uronis, J. M., Fan, T. J., ... & Rhodes, J. M. (2012). Intestinal inflammation targets cancer-inducing activity of the microbiota. science, 338(6103), 120-123.
[6]Garrett, W. S. (2015). Cancer and the microbiota. Science, 348(6230), 80-86.
7、Zitvogel, L., Galluzzi, L., Viaud, S., Vétizou, M., Daillère, R., Merad, M., & Kroemer, G. (2015). Cancer and the gut microbiota: an unexpected link. Science translational medicine, 7(271), 271ps1-271ps1.
[9]Viaud, S., Saccheri, F., Mignot, G., Yamazaki, T., Daillère, R., Hannani, D., ... & Schlitzer, A. (2013). The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide. Science, 342(6161), 971-976.
[10]Iida, N., Dzutsev, A., Stewart, C. A., Smith, L., Bouladoux, N., Weingarten, R. A., ... & Dai, R. M. (2013). Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science, 342(6161), 967-970.
[11]Castellarin, M., Warren, R. L., Freeman, J. D., Dreolini, L., Krzywinski, M., Strauss, J., ... & Holt, R. A. (2012). Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. Genome research, 22(2), 299-306.
[12]Kostic, A. D., Gevers, D., Pedamallu, C. S., Michaud, M., Duke, F., Earl, A. M., ... & Baselga, J. (2012). Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma. Genome research, 22(2), 292-298.
[13]Mima, K., Nishihara, R., Qian, Z. R., Cao, Y., Sukawa, Y., Nowak, J. A., ... & Kostic, A. D. (2016). Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue and patient prognosis. Gut, 65(12), 1973-1980.
[14]TaChung Yu, Fangfang Guo, Yanan Yu,et al.Fusobacterium nucleatum Promotes Chemoresistance to Colorectal Cancer by Modulating Autophagy
.Cell.Volume 170, Issue 3, p548–563.e16, 27 July 2017

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    2017-10-22 维他命
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    2017-07-28 明月清辉

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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