J Clin OncoL:BRAF突变mCRC再细分,新突变亚型引人瞩目

2017-08-14 佚名 肿瘤瞭望

随着人们对转移性结直肠癌(mCRC)的遗传和分子改变的认识越来越深,转移性结直肠癌的临床实践也发生了重大的变革。例如,对于mCRC患者进行RAS和V600E BRAF突变检测已经成为普遍的共识,且有文献支持评估这类患者是否存在微卫星不稳定性(错配修复缺陷)和HER2扩增等。这些突变在转移性结直肠癌的临床管理中具有重要的指导意义,在不久的将来,分子分型共识亚型和免疫亚型也将推动某些治疗干预措施和策略

随着人们对转移性结直肠癌(mCRC)的遗传和分子改变的认识越来越深,转移性结直肠癌的临床实践也发生了重大的变革。例如,对于mCRC患者进行RAS和V600E BRAF突变检测已经成为普遍的共识,且有文献支持评估这类患者是否存在微卫星不稳定性(错配修复缺陷)和HER2扩增等。这些突变在转移性结直肠癌的临床管理中具有重要的指导意义,在不久的将来,分子分型共识亚型和免疫亚型也将推动某些治疗干预措施和策略的改变。总之,分子分析使得我们能够对临床症状相似的患者进行不同的预后和预测评估。这些结肠直肠癌的进展很大程度上归功于人们对于RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK信号通路的知识不断更新,尽管没有来自诸如表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的上游刺激,活化突变仍然可导致连续性的信号传导。其中研究最多的就是RAS基因的突变,几乎一半的转移性结直肠癌患者携带这种突变。已经明确的是,RAS突变患者对EGFR抑制剂无效。


约10%结直肠癌患者的BRAF突变基因位于密码子600,该突变表现为BRAF激酶结构域谷氨酸替代缬氨酸(V600E),并随后导致下游MEK的磷酸化。这些携带V600E BRAF突变的肿瘤形成了一种独特的结直肠分子亚型,并具有特定的临床病理特征:患者多为女性,年龄大于60岁,常见于高度组织学分化的右侧肿瘤,且通常表现为微卫星不稳定性。V600E BRAF的预后较差,更容易出现腹膜转移,尽管实施各种化疗干预后患者的总生存期仍然较短。此外,V600E BRAF突变患者对于抗EGFR治疗反应有限,最新的指南不建议在这类患者中使用抗EGFR抗体。

尽管包括mCRC在内的人类肿瘤中大部分BRAF突变都表现为V600E BRAF突变,然而也有研究发现了非V600 BRAF突变的存在。在黑素瘤中,这类非V600 BRAF突变占所有BRAF突变的12%,且似乎与侵袭性疾病和BRAF抑制剂的耐药有关。

研究概况

JCO近期发表了一篇较为新颖的研究,Jones等研究人员通过回顾性地搜索三个大型下一代测序数据库,系统描述了非V600 BRAF 突变型mCRC的流行病学和临床意义。他们共确定了965例BRAF突变型肿瘤患者,其中208例(21%)表现为非V600突变,在有近万名mCRC随访者中,所有BRAF突变与非V600 BRAF突变的发生率分别为10%和2.2%。该研究描述了迄今为止最大的非V600 BRAF突变型mCRC队列,并对包括患者生存在内的临床病理特征进行了评估。有趣的是,之前描述的V600E BRAF突变型结直肠癌患者的特征似乎与非V600 BRAF突变患者并不一致。后者更常见于年轻患者,男性更多,多为左侧微卫星稳定肿瘤。此外,非V600 BRAF突变肿瘤大多为低分化,并且不经常转移到腹膜。考虑到这些特征,那么非V600 BRAF突变患者的总体生存率优于V600 EBRAF突变患者(分别为60.7±11.4个月)就无可厚非了。更令人意外的是,非V600 BRAF突变型CRC患者的整体生存似乎比野生型BRAF患者更佳(分别为60.7 v 43.0个月),尽管这一结论还需进一步确认。

非V600 BRAF突变异质性强,涉及19个不同密码子的基因,具有重要的突变生物学效应。一些突变导致类似V600E的BRAF激活,导致下游MEK的磷酸化。其他突变包括D594G(几乎一半的非V600BRAF患者),造成BRAF激酶活性受损甚至沉默,但仍然能够通过间接激活CRAF激活下游的MEK信号。根据目前的研究来看,非V600BRAF和RAS突变可能同时发生,以前也在小部分人群中观察到这个现象。

发现非V600 BRAF突变型CRC的临床意义是什么?

首先,这项研究表明,非V600 BRAF突变型CRC是一个比例较小但非常重要的mCRC分子亚组,具有与非V600BRAF突变相关的特殊病理特征,在未来的临床实践中将其纳入下一代测序体系似乎是合理的。

其次,该研究描述了V600E BRAF和非V600 BRAF突变型患者的显着差异。因此对于V600E BRAF突变型CRC的治疗建议和预后评估显然并不适用于非V600 BRAF突变型患者。有人建议针对V600E BRAF型CRC患者实施更为强烈的三联化疗方案。最近,联合抑制EGFR、BRAF和/或MEK通路相比于以前的单药靶向治疗在V600E BRAF突变型mCRC中显示出比较好的疗效。然而考虑到非V600 BRAF突变型患者的良好预后,似乎没有理由使患者暴露于比经典的双药化疗更为强烈、毒性更大的化疗方案中。

关于治疗反应的预测,目前还不清楚V600E BRAF突变型患者对于抗EGFR治疗的耐药性是否也存在于非V600 BRAF突变型患者中。据报道有一例携带D594G BRAF突变的化疗难治性mCRC患者使用化疗与西妥昔单抗联合方案疗效较好。由于这类突变患者的罕见性、异质性等,未来要进行大样本的分析存在一定的困难,但是进一步探索非V600 BRAF突变对于各种抗肿瘤药物的预测价值并试图实施更个性化的治疗是非常有必要的。虽然目前没有前瞻性的临床数据验证,有人假设BRAF抑制剂,如vemurafenib、dabrafenib或encorafenib不太可能在非V600 BRAF突变型mCRC中起效,特别是在激素活性受损的情况下,正如黑素瘤中已经提出的那样。此外,较早的临床前研究数据表明,在激素活化受损的情况下,CRAF抑制剂索拉非尼可能引起存在MEK / ERK激活的细胞发生凋亡。另一个比较有前景的药物包括MEK抑制剂如二甲双胍和正在美国国家癌症研究所进行的一项关于在非V600 BRAF实体瘤中进行评估的trametinib(NCI-MATCH试验)。

当然Jones的研究也存在一定的缺陷,主要包括回顾性的数据收集。由于临床资料的缺失,初始队列仅有5%的病例纳入了生存分析,这自然会导致潜在的研究偏倚。不过,他们的工作也大大地激励了其他研究人员对这类特殊的结直肠癌亚型进行进一步研究的信心,相信未来我们会看到更多相关数据的出现。
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    2017-12-03 yxch36
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    2018-03-05 minlingfeng
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    2017-08-20 luominglian113

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-08-16 zhaojie88
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1827244, encodeId=1f4e182e2445b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52e95194b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5194, encryptionId=52e95194b9, topicName=CRC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4cea26, createdName=yxch36, createdTime=Sun Dec 03 22:08:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1642746, encodeId=8dc21642e46e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b70711396cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#mCRC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11396, encryptionId=b70711396cd, topicName=mCRC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c9723008141, createdName=LShY0906_98743851, createdTime=Sat Jul 14 06:08:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1865081, encodeId=bef7186508140, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Mon Mar 05 00:08:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=235224, encodeId=b21b235224e4, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=550d2008262, createdName=luominglian113, createdTime=Sun Aug 20 01:41:37 CST 2017, time=2017-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1354971, encodeId=9d0013549e169, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6de63659ed' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRAF#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3659, encryptionId=6de63659ed, topicName=BRAF)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Aug 16 12:08:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1480709, encodeId=89201480e09e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e76836e150' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRAF突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3671, encryptionId=e76836e150, topicName=BRAF突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff97667327, createdName=ms4964546379600229, createdTime=Wed Aug 16 12:08:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=233851, encodeId=dd0b23385195, content=V600EBRAF的预后较差,更容易出现腹膜转移,尽管实施各种化疗干预后患者的总生存期仍然较短。此外,V600EBRAF突变患者对于抗EGFR治疗反应有限,最新的指南不建议在这类患者中使用抗EGFR抗体。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Tue Aug 15 19:48:21 CST 2017, time=2017-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=233850, encodeId=e2f823385057, content=研究最多的就是RAS基因的突变,几乎一半的转移性结直肠癌患者携带这种突变。已经明确的是,RAS突变患者对EGFR抑制剂无效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Tue Aug 15 19:47:48 CST 2017, time=2017-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=233567, encodeId=51b123356e75, content=学习了,谢谢。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Mon Aug 14 21:32:54 CST 2017, time=2017-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2017-08-15 随梦飞扬

    V600EBRAF的预后较差,更容易出现腹膜转移,尽管实施各种化疗干预后患者的总生存期仍然较短。此外,V600EBRAF突变患者对于抗EGFR治疗反应有限,最新的指南不建议在这类患者中使用抗EGFR抗体。

    0

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    2017-08-15 随梦飞扬

    研究最多的就是RAS基因的突变,几乎一半的转移性结直肠癌患者携带这种突变。已经明确的是,RAS突变患者对EGFR抑制剂无效。

    0

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    2017-08-14 惠映实验室

    学习了,谢谢。

    0

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