Nature:单细胞测序绘制人胚胎造血和免疫系统发育图谱

2019-10-13 伊凯 BioArt

哺乳动物的造血与免疫系统发育是在胚胎发育过程中由多个组织以复杂的协同作用所驱动的。尽管研究界对于人体中这一过程所涉及的功能主体和时间序列都有了较为准确的认识,例如造血干细胞是先从受孕后2至3周的胚胎外卵黄囊(yolk sac)中,以及从3至4周的胚胎主动脉-性腺-中肾区域(aorta-gonad-mesonephros, AGM)内迁移出,主要在胚胎肝中形成血细胞,并使得胚肝成为第二个妊娠期(三个

哺乳动物的造血与免疫系统发育是在胚胎发育过程中由多个组织以复杂的协同作用所驱动的。尽管研究界对于人体中这一过程所涉及的功能主体和时间序列都有了较为准确的认识,例如造血干细胞是先从受孕后2至3周的胚胎外卵黄囊(yolk sac)中,以及从3至4周的胚胎主动脉-性腺-中肾区域(aorta-gonad-mesonephros, AGM)内迁移出,主要在胚胎肝中形成血细胞,并使得胚肝成为第二个妊娠期(三个月为一周期)的期中前最主要的造血器官;然而,由于伦理因素等限制导致了用于研究的人胚胎组织器官的缺乏,且小鼠与人之间具有相当程度的胚胎发育模式差异,胚胎早期造血和免疫系统发育的详细过程仍未能获得完全解析。由于人胚胎造血过程和先天性免疫缺陷及儿童白血病等疾病存在直接关联,对这一生理过程的分子机制进行深入研究具有显着的临床意义。

2019年10月10日,来自英国Newcastle University和Wellcome Sanger Institute等机构的科学家在Nature上以长文形式发表了题为Decoding human fetal liver haematopoiesis的研究,首次报道了由胎肝驱动的人胚胎造血和免疫系统发育过程的单细胞图谱。

在该项研究中,作者首先制备了受孕后4周至17周的人胚胎肝脏、卵黄囊、肾脏和皮肤组织单细胞悬液,随后利用流式细胞术和单细胞测序技术对其进行了转录组基因表达定量分析,从而构建了完整的人胚胎造血和免疫系统发育图谱。在通过了质量控制的约20万个来自不同组织和时间点的细胞中,作者依据基因表达特征将其划分为27个细胞类型,这一分类结果得到了后续的流式细胞术分选和大体RNA测序的联合分析,以及基于细胞离心涂片的形态学分析的验证。上述结果表明这一人胚胎造血和免疫系统发育单细胞测序数据集具有较高的质量和解析率。

利用这一单细胞图谱数据集,作者试图挖掘其中蕴含的关于造血细胞各阶段发育路径和信息,以及不同造血和免疫细胞群之间在不同胚胎发育阶段中,或不同胚胎组织中的互作交流模式。为此,作者主要利用了基于力导向图(force-directed graph)算法的数据降维方法,以高维度基因表达谱为依据,推测了造血和免疫细胞的发育路径(developmental trajectory)。如下图所示,这一路径推测分析给出了三个符合已知研究结果的由造血干细胞生发的血液系统细胞主要发育过程,包括红系细胞(erythroid)—巨核细胞(megakaryocyte)—肥大细胞(mast cell)系、B/T淋巴细胞系 (lymphoid) 、及髓系细胞系(myeloid)。上述分析以极高的时空分辨率揭示了人胚胎发育过程中完整的血液、免疫系统动态变化过程,在契合现存大体知识框架的前提下为这一复杂生物学现象补充了丰富的细节。

利用上述的发育路径推测分析及对特定细胞群基因表达时间序列的动态分析,作者还揭示了多项关于胚胎造血及免疫系统发育的关键事件和重要过程,例如:树突状细胞(dendritic cell)群早在受孕后7周就出现于胎肝和非淋巴系组织(non lymphoid tissue, NLT)中;浆细胞样(plasmacytoid)树突状细胞可同时由早期髓系前体细胞或前原B细胞(pre pro-B cell)分化而来,照应了之前在小鼠造血系统发育研究中观察到的同一现象;先天淋巴细胞(innate lymphoid cell)、自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell)和巨噬细胞(macrophage)等在迁移至肾脏、皮肤等非淋巴系组织后,会在对应分子微环境的影响下开始表达组织特异性趋化因子(chemokine)等。

总之,这项研究克服了人体胚胎组织在收集方面的困难,利用细分时间点的单细胞水平测序对子宫内人体造血和免疫系统发育的动态过程进行了精准刻画,揭示了造血干细胞分化为各类血细胞和免疫细胞及迁移至不同器官中进行功能特化的路径,为理解这一涉及众多功能主体和复杂互作交流的生物学过程提供了极大的助力,是发育生物学、免疫生物学和血液生物学领域中不可多得的宝贵资源。

原始出处:
Popescu DM1, Botting RA1, Stephenson E1, et al.Decoding human fetal liver haematopoiesis.Nature. 2019 Oct 9. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1652-y. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2019-12-22 liye789132251
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    2019-10-15 ailian1202
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    2019-10-15 neurowu
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    2019-10-15 俅侠

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来自加州大学圣地亚哥分校、哈佛医学院和Sanford Burnham Prebys研究中心的研究人员通过分析成年人脑细胞的单个细胞核,明确了35种不同的神经元和神经胶质细胞,并且发现了这些细胞中哪些亚型更易受到不同脑部疾病常见危险因素的影响。

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全基因组转录本分析大大提高了我们对基础心脏生理和驱动疾病的机制的调控网络的了解。但迄今为止,研究成人心脏的基因表达谱的分辨率局限于从整个组织中提取RNA。采用组织同源物就会丧失细胞起源或细胞特异性基因表达变化的相关信息。近期,RNA扩增技术的发展为进行单细胞转录本分析提供可能。Monika M. Gladka等人提出一种从成年小鼠的心脏组织中获取高质量的RNA的方法,可用于对健康和患病心脏进行单细

Science:重大突破!利单细胞测序揭示免疫细胞衰老之谜

在一项新的研究中,来自欧洲生物信息研究所(EMBL-EBI)、英国剑桥大学、韦尔科姆基金会桑格研究所和英国癌症研究所(CRUK-CI)的研究人员针对免疫系统为何随着年龄的增加而减弱存在的长期争论提出新的认识。他们的发现表明相比

Blood:单细胞测序揭示淋巴瘤再与T细胞免疫检查点的共表达基因

中心点:恶性滤泡淋巴瘤B细胞分离成多个共存的亚克隆,其特点是通路活性不同。在CD4+Tregs细胞中,已知的免疫检查点基因与转录因子和免疫调节基因共表达,包括CEBPA和B2M。摘要:滤泡淋巴瘤(FL)是低级别的B细胞恶性肿瘤,可转化成高侵袭性的致死性疾病,每年发生率约2%。从外科活检中完美分离恶性B细胞群是一个重大挑战,遮盖了重要的FL生物学特性,如免疫检查点共表达模式。为探究滤泡B细胞淋巴瘤的

SCIENCE:单细胞转录组揭示人肾肿瘤的细胞身份

信使RNA编码细胞功能和表型。在人类癌症的背景下,它定义了恶性细胞的身份和肿瘤组织的多样性。

Cell:癌症疫苗又一突破!新型单细胞测序技术成功助力!

黑色素瘤是皮肤肿瘤中恶性程度最高的一种肿瘤,其扩散速度快,并且更偏爱男性。据《A Cancer Journal for Clinicians》2017年发表的癌症统计,黑色素瘤发病率在男性中比在女性中高约60%,死亡率在男性中比在女性中高出一倍以上。最糟糕的是黑色素瘤对放疗不敏感,所以晚期黑色素瘤患者从常规疗法中获益极少。但是免疫疗法打破了这一僵局。