Cardiovasc Diabetol:2型糖尿病、生活方式、代谢健康和心血管疾病的多基因风险

2022-07-24 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

2D和CVD具有许多共同的临床危险因素,而高血糖本身与CVD和心血管死亡的风险增加显著相关。

背景:心血管疾病(CVD)是导致死亡的主要原因之一,已成为全球公共卫生问题。因此,记录心血管(CV)危险因素并建立预防心血管并发症的有效策略尤为重要。生活方式和临床代谢危险因素在心血管疾病复杂的发病机制中起着重要作用。研究一直报告心血管疾病风险与生活方式因素有关,包括肥胖、吸烟、体力活动不足和不健康的饮食习惯。代谢综合征(METS)是一组增加慢性代谢疾病风险的临床因素,如2型糖尿病(T2D)和心血管疾病。由于蛋氨酸组分可以在无症状的临床前阶段表现出来,因此对它们的管理可以作为心血管疾病的有效预防策略,就像改变生活方式一样。尽管心血管危险因素的管理最近取得了进展,但心血管疾病仍然是T2D的严重并发症。

基于人群的流行病学研究证实,T2D和CVD具有许多共同的临床危险因素,而高血糖本身与CVD和心血管死亡的风险增加显著相关。此外,与健康人相比,患有T2D的患者心血管死亡风险增加两到三倍。全基因组关联研究的最新进展从基因组的角度为糖尿病和心血管疾病之间的关系提供了更多的证据,一些研究表明这两种疾病具有相同的遗传成分和遗传相关性。此外,孟德尔随机化(MR)研究表明,与空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗和T2D相关的基因变异与冠心病和缺血性中风有因果关系。

在过去的十年里,大型财团和生物库的发展使得识别与复杂疾病相关的许多基因变异成为可能。此外,统计分析方法的最新进展促进了对特定疾病遗传风险的量化。其中一种方法是多基因风险评分(PRS),它将数百万常见的变异(主要是单核苷酸多态,SNPs)聚合到一个简化的评分中,根据每个等位基因对疾病风险的影响进行加权;该方法已成为冠状动脉疾病(CAD)或T2D等常见疾病的有用遗传标记。然而,到目前为止,还没有研究评估T2D的遗传风险与发生CVD的风险之间的关系。此外,众所周知,T2D和CVD的发展和进展是由遗传易感性和影响代谢健康状况的生活方式之间的复杂相互作用驱动的。先前的一项研究表明,T2D PR和生活习惯一起对T2D风险具有相加的有害影响[13]。然而,在心血管疾病风险的背景下,对T2D的遗传易感性、生活方式和代谢健康之间的相互作用知之甚少。

目的:在这项研究中,我们的目的是使用从参与英国生物库研究的600多万个SNP构建的T2D PR来调查T2D遗传风险与随后的CVD风险的关系。我们进一步研究了生活方式习惯和代谢健康状况这两个可改变的因素对心血管疾病风险的有益降低,这些因素是根据T2D的遗传风险分层的。我们还检查了T2D-PR和CVD之间的关联程度是否因年龄组而异。

方法:共有345,217名无血缘关系的英国白人后裔参与者被纳入分析。T2D的遗传风险被估计为由>600万个遗传变异构成的全基因组多基因风险分数。良好的生活方式被定义为四个可改变的生活方式成分,代谢健康状态根据代谢综合征成分的存在来确定。

结果:在平均8.9年的随访期内,共发现21,865例心血管疾病患者(6.3%)。与低遗传风险组相比,T2D遗传风险高的参与者有更高的总体心血管事件、心血管亚型(冠状动脉疾病、外周动脉疾病、心力衰竭和心房颤动/扑动)和心血管死亡率。T2D遗传风险很高的个体患心血管疾病的风险比遗传风险低的个体高35%(HR 1.35[95%CI 1.19~1.53])。在遗传风险、生活方式和代谢健康状况之间观察到心血管疾病风险增加的显著梯度(趋势P>0.001)。无论T2D遗传风险如何,那些生活方式良好且代谢健康的人发生心血管事件的风险显著降低。这种风险降低在年轻参与者(≤50岁)中更为明显。

表1研究人群的基线特征

图1根据T2D-PR危险组的心血管疾病发生率。B根据T2D-PR的风险组绘制心血管疾病风险图。T2D-RS危险组:低(0-19个百分位数)、中等(20-79个百分位数)、高(80-98个百分位数)和极高(99个百分位数)。误差条代表估计累积发病率的95%可信区间。心血管疾病;T2D:2型糖尿病;PRS:多基因风险评分;HR:风险比;CI:可信区间

图2根据T2D-PRS风险组的心血管结果的总体和亚型的风险比。心血管疾病;T2D:2型糖尿病;PRS:多基因风险评分;HR:风险比;CI:可信区间;SD:标准差

图3 2型糖尿病高遗传风险组和低遗传风险组心血管疾病风险因代谢健康状况和生活方式行为而降低的森林图。受试者根据2型糖尿病遗传风险分为以下两个亚组:低(0-80%)和高(80%-99%)。蛋氨酸代谢综合征;心率,危险比;CI,可信区间

结论:T2D的遗传风险与总体CVD、各种CVD亚型和致死性CVD的风险增加相关。保持健康的生活方式和保持代谢健康可能会降低随后的心血管疾病风险,而不考虑T2D的遗传风险。

原文出处: Yun JS,  Jung SH,  Shivakumar M,et al.Polygenic risk for type 2 diabetes, lifestyle, metabolic health, and cardiovascular disease: a prospective UK Biobank study.Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022 Jul 14;21(1) 

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    2023-03-09 syscxl
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    2022-12-29 quxin068
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    2022-12-04 docwu2019
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