NEJM:近90%腰痛与这些风险因素有关,药物治疗非首选!

2022-05-10 医学新视点 医学新视点

腰痛是全球范围内患病率和致残率最高的疾病之一,其中近90%的腰痛为非特异性腰痛。由于非特异性腰痛目前尚缺乏理想的根治手段,因此非药物治疗,如康复治疗等手段带来的潜在获益正逐渐受到重视。近日,《新英格兰

腰痛是全球范围内患病率和致残率最高的疾病之一,其中近90%的腰痛为非特异性腰痛。由于非特异性腰痛目前尚缺乏理想的根治手段,因此非药物治疗,如康复治疗等手段带来的潜在获益正逐渐受到重视。近日,《新英格兰医学杂志》(NEJM)发表重磅论文,围绕腰痛的临床特征、风险因素、治疗策略与证据进行了系统概述。

论文强调,对于急性或慢性腰痛的患者,需鼓励其保持适当、有规律的运动。此外,对于慢性腰痛患者,一线治疗需首先考虑运动治疗和行为治疗,药物治疗应为二线选择。

图片

截图来源:NEJM

腰痛终生患病率近40%!

2012年发表的一篇系统性综述(纳入来自54个国家的165项研究)论文指出,成人腰痛平均患病率约为12%,其中≥40岁人群以及女性人群患病率较高。此外,腰痛的终生患病率约为40%。

腰痛可分为特异性腰痛(由特定病理生理机制引起)和非特异性腰痛(无明确的特异性病理解剖原因)。特异性腰痛通常由特定可识别的病因引起,与之相对的是,非特异性腰痛可由生理、心理、社会因素等交互作用引起。值得关注的是,非特异性腰痛可占所有腰痛病例近80%~90%。

此外,腰痛还可根据疼痛持续时间分为急性腰痛(<6周)、亚急性腰痛(6周至12周)和慢性腰痛(>12周)。

非特异性腰痛风险因素

论文指出,非特异性腰痛发作的风险因素包括:

  • 身体风险因素:如长时间站立、行走或举重物等;

  • 不健康的生活方式:如肥胖等;

  • 心理因素:如抑郁、对工作不满意等;

  • 既往腰痛发作史。

此外,观察性研究的评估结果指出:腰痛患者身体广泛疼痛、身体机能较差、躯体化障碍、疼痛强度高、疼痛持续时间长、抑郁或焦虑(或两者同时存在)程度高、既往腰痛发作史以及应对策略不良等,均与其不良预后(如持续疼痛、致残等)相关。

诊断与治疗策略

非特异性腰痛的诊断需在排除脊柱、非脊柱来源特异性疾病的基础上进行,主要方法包括详细的病史采集和体格检查。

论文强调,非特异性腰痛的患者通常不推荐进行常规影像学检查,这主要是由于既往不同的观察性研究得出的“腰部影像学异常与腰痛之间的相关性结果”并不一致。此外,2015年JAMA发表的一项研究表明,≥65岁的急性腰痛(非神经根病变导致)患者早期接受影像学检测(X线、MRI或CT)与1年后预后改善无关。

截至目前,有大量的随机对照试验、系统性综述评估了不同干预措施在非特异性腰痛治疗中的有效性。总体而言,目前非特异性腰痛的一线治疗以非药物干预措施为代表,临床医师在给予患者药物治疗前应优先考虑非药物干预措施。

  • 急性腰痛

  • 临床建议:大多数非特异性腰痛急性发作的患者会在短时间内恢复。良好、持续的患者教育与个体化建议应成为急性腰痛患者的常规干预措施,如鼓励患者保持适当、有规律的运动。

  • 推拿治疗:随机试验的meta分析结果支持应用规范的脊柱推拿治疗(证据水平:中)或针灸治疗(证据水平:低)减轻患者疼痛。此外,浅层热疗和按摩治疗并无明显治疗风险,也可进行尝试,但这两种疗法的获益程度仅有有限数据支持。

  • 运动治疗:考虑到运动疗法在缓解慢性腰痛、降低腰痛发作风险方面的疗效已经获得随机试验证据的支持,存在恢复不良风险的急性腰痛患者可考虑在医疗专业人员的指导下接受运动治疗。

  • 药物治疗:一项大型临床试验的结果表明,对乙酰氨基酚在急性腰痛患者中并未表现出明显疗效,而非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)能为这类患者带来获益。但是,老年患者或存在合并疾病(如肾病)的患者需谨慎使用NSAIDs。

  • 慢性腰痛

  • 临床建议:良好的患者教育与个体化建议应成为慢性腰痛患者的关键干预措施,运动监督和行为治疗应成为这部分患者的一线治疗选择。近期一项网络meta分析的结果指出,绝大多数类型的运动对缓解慢性腰痛疼痛、改善患者机体功能均存在有益作用。其中,普拉提疗法和麦肯基(McKenzie)疗法在减轻疼痛和改善机体功能方面作用更为明显。

  • 行为治疗:行为治疗属于心理疗法范畴,慢性腰痛的行为疗法包括应答性行为疗法(respondent therapy)、操作性行为疗法(operant therapy)以及认知行为疗法(cognitive therapy)。随机对照试验的结果表明,这些不同类型的行为疗法对慢性腰痛患者疼痛和机体功能的影响相似。

  • 其他非药物治疗:慢性腰痛的其他非药物干预措施包括脊柱推拿治疗、按摩治疗、瑜伽以及多学科康复治疗。其中,结合生理和心理因素的多学科康复治疗可能尤其适用于机体功能水平较低或伴有不良预后社会心理因素的患者,但目前尚缺乏有效性数据证实。

  • 药物治疗:不良预后低风险患者可考虑使用NSAIDs,但疗效可能并不明显(证据水平:低)。肌肉松弛剂和抗抑郁药(如5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂)可作为部分慢性腰痛患者的辅助治疗用药,不过疗效同样有限(证据水平:中~极低),并且可能具有潜在治疗风险。

小 结

总体而言,对于急性或慢性腰痛的患者,良好的宣教与个体化建议,如鼓励保持适当、有规律的运动至关重要。对于慢性腰痛患者而言,运动治疗和行为治疗应为一线治疗选择,而药物治疗为二线选择。

论文强调,由于药物治疗疗效有限且存在不良反应风险,我们可以看到近期发表的相关指南(如美国医师协会指南)也倾向于采用非药物手段对急性或慢性腰痛患者进行初始干预,本文提出的建议与这些指南的准则相一致。

原始出处:

Chiarotto A, Koes BW.Nonspecific Low Back Pain.N Engl J Med. 2022 May 5;386(18):1732-1740. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2032396

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    2022-05-12 ayqdf

    感谢分享。我就是有经常腰痛的经历。

    0

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    2022-05-11 ms1000002127710105

    0

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    2022-05-11 小元

    NEJM上果然牛,感谢梅斯更新及时

    0

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