医共体——破解农民看病难看病贵的安徽之道

2017-12-15 王利亚 健康界

33岁的赵航一直与妻子在浙江杭州的一所理发店打工,与老家天长市新街镇卫生院预约了疝气手术,手术前一天他回到老家。由于赵航的手术需用疝气补片比较复杂,镇卫生院邀请天长市中医院的专家共同完成手术,在家门口手术也方便父母看望照顾。整个手术下来医疗费用2900元,赵航实际自付640元,而在市中医院做同样的手术费用是4000元,患者需自付1200元。赵航获得了县级医院专家服务,支付的是乡镇卫生院医疗服务

33岁的赵航一直与妻子在浙江杭州的一所理发店打工,与老家天长市新街镇卫生院预约了疝气手术,手术前一天他回到老家。由于赵航的手术需用疝气补片比较复杂,镇卫生院邀请天长市中医院的专家共同完成手术,在家门口手术也方便父母看望照顾。整个手术下来医疗费用2900元,赵航实际自付640元,而在市中医院做同样的手术费用是4000元,患者需自付1200元。赵航获得了县级医院专家服务,支付的是乡镇卫生院医疗服务价格。如果在打工地同样的病需支付至少6千元,自付2400多元。赵航的医疗费用加上高铁等交通费不超过800元,仅是打工地的1/3。

在安徽省,越来越多的农民像赵航一样开始选择回家乡来做手术和住院。这个变化归因于县域医共体改革,目前正在全省推广此项“医共体”改革实践。

医共体的内涵

“医共体”全称为“县域医疗卫生服务共同体”,它以一个县级医院为龙头,与2~3个中心卫生院和若干所一般卫生院,以及这些卫生院所在的村卫生室,共同组成医疗卫生服务组织。新农合资金按照该医疗组织覆盖的人口,实行按人头总额预付医共体包干使用,超支不补,结余留用,居民县外就医的费用也从预算中支付。这项改革推动医共体各方变过去竞争关系为合作关系,共同努力把患者留在县内就诊。医保报销政策上,鼓励在县内就诊,疑难杂症也鼓励由县级医院确认后,再转诊至县外医院治疗。一个县内一般有2个医共体——县医院医共体与县中医院医共体,个别县设有民营医院牵头的医共体。2015年由最初15个试点县到目前已扩大到66个县,占农业县市区90%,覆盖参合人口4914万人口。一个医共体大约覆盖20-30万人,皖北人口密集,覆盖更多的人口。

医共体以医保基金为利益链条,纵向整合县、乡镇、村三级医疗卫生服务网络资源,重新明确各级医疗机构功能定位。村级,以常见病门诊、慢病管理服务和导诊服务为主,并开展签约服务;乡镇卫生院,主要从事门诊和常见病住院、康复、基本公共卫生服务、慢病管理和转诊服务,指导与管理村医并协助完成签约服务项目;县级医院,以大病治疗与住院、县外转诊管理、对下技术帮扶、健康管理指导及医共体管理等。三级机构之间实现基层首诊、双向转诊、分级负责、各司其职,病人有序就医。医共体内实行服务规范、资源(人力、设备等)调配、绩效考核、信息系统、药品耗材采购、内部用药范围、后勤服务管理等七统一。县、乡医疗机构在检验、影像、ECG等诊断技术实现互联互通、远程协作。在保证医疗质量和控制费用方面,医共体严格执行“临床路径+病种付费”,目前平均已有近一半的出院患者是按照全省统一修订的临床路径进行治疗。

除机构之间服务资源共享外,三级的医生之间也组成“1+1+1”家庭医生服务团队,利用手机微信建立固定联系网络,交流患者转诊、慢病管理、服务咨询等信息。在安徽天长市,有396个这样的服务团队,极大地提高了乡村医生在当地居民中的地位,也提高了其导诊的依从率。

改革背景

上世纪五六十年代,我国农村创造初级卫生保健三级服务网,较快地解决了当时缺医少药问题,控制了传染病和地方病,我国人平均寿命提高了一倍。改革开放后,中央政府把工作重点放在发展经济上,医疗投入相对不足。医疗机构主要依靠提供服务获得收入维持运行与发展,导致了严重的过度服务问题。原有的农村三级网的合作关系变为相互竞争关系。县级医院技术较强人满为患,乡镇医院门可罗雀,村卫生室卖药盈利现象较为普遍。另一方面,农村合作医疗制度也出现波折,农民看病主要靠自费,出现看病难看病贵问题。非典之后,中国政府提出统筹协调卫生健康发展要求。2003年开始重建新型农村合作医疗制度,与传统的农村合作医疗制度不同,政府在资金筹集上发挥了主要作用并强化了管理,这个举措取得了较大成功,到2015年人均筹资达到500元,其中政府补助3/4。参合率保持在95%以上,农民看病实际报销约60%以上,新农合资金已成为医疗机构的主要收入来源。近年来,医改主要集中在调整医院药品政策、提高医疗服务价格上,医院运行机制没有根本性转变,群众反映获得感不强。医疗机构之间独立运行、相互竞争,病人无序就医、县外就医现象严重,基层医疗机构技术水平不高,服务不规范,上级医院技术帮扶工作不够扎实、有效,缺乏可持续性。村级医生的问题更加突出,年龄老化、知识老化,一些地方出现无村医问题。而同时,群众健康需求增长很快,慢性病上升,新的医疗技术引进加速医疗费用的快速上涨,对医保资金产生巨大威胁。迫切需要强化医保对医疗服务的激励约束作用,迫切需要强化预防、改变人们不健康的生活行为,迫切需要改进和推动医疗机构转变运行机制与服务模式,促进医疗机构可持续健康发展。

医共体改革成效

2015年安徽开启探索医共体试点工作,逐渐显现出生机和活力,也得到社会各界的广泛关注和赞赏。

医共体缓解了安徽农民“看病难、看病贵”问题。2016年,与非试点县相比,试点县次均住院费用由5985元降至5727元,试点县住院总费用减少7.82亿元,其中个人负担减轻2.97亿元。通过实施临床路径管理和规范处方等措施,医疗纠纷明显下降,医患关系持续改善,群众满意度提高到90%以上。

另一个主要成效是防病工作开始得到重视。一个典型的实例是,阜南县柴集镇贾棚村65岁以上老年人口326人,半数患有高血压、高血脂、糖尿病。过去一入冬,便有几十人患脑梗等住院,医药费都上万元,也有几人长期瘫痪。建立医共体后,村医签约了150位这类老患者,村医按照服务规范要求,定期为他们量血压、测心电图,敦促他们合理饮食,按时吃药。去年全年只有1位老人因脑梗住院,节约了大量新农合医保资金,县医院从医共体结余资金中奖励村卫生室3万元。村医从个人奖金中拿出几千块钱买一些常用检测仪器和药物,免费发给签约服务对象。

过去两年改革探索中,医共体发生最重要的变化是各医疗机构的服务理念变化。从疾病治疗为主向防治融合转变,从治病挣钱向防病省钱转变。如,天长市人民医院为每位患者开双处方,一个是常见的用药处方,另一个是生活中与疾病相关的注意事项的健康行为处方。特别强化了慢性病管理,减少疾病发生。另外,医共体龙头单位由过去靠行政命令派专家到下级卫生院开展技术帮扶,变为主动了解基层卫生院的技术短板,派出相应专家帮助其提高医疗技术,按照分级诊疗原则,让病人在适宜的医疗机构接受适宜的医疗服务。赵航就是其中的一个受益者。

在医共体的建设中,村医开始变成了老百姓的健康守门人和新农合医保基金守门人,成了健康知识宣传员、慢病管理员、就医导诊员。基层首诊、双向转诊的就医秩序开始形成,同时也促进新农合制度从“医疗保险”向“健康保险”转型。

展望

据医共体的设计者及实施推动者安徽省卫计委主任于德志介绍,医共体是按照中央“保基本、强基层、建机制”要求,针对农民卫生健康存在的现实问题,利用新农合资金杠杆作用,促进县域内各医疗机构形成责任共担、利益共享、发展共赢的紧密型县域医疗卫生服务共同体,构建覆盖全生命周期,提供连续、协同健康服务的模式。这是当代中国的基本卫生保健(PHC),或者称作中国基本卫生保健的升级版(PHC Upgraded)。下一步还将把其它医保资金、基本公共卫生服务经费等也按人头预付给医共体,加大医共体推进力度,加快医疗卫生服务转型发展,更好地应对老龄化、慢性病上升等挑战,更好地改善大众健康服务质量。仔细分析,安徽县域医共体模式与健康维护组织(HMO)特别是与美国凯撒医疗集团(KP)模式有不少相似之处。

世界银行行长金镛去年五月份来安徽天长调研医改给予积极评价,认为医共体模式,不仅在中国具有推广意义,而且可能也为全世界其他国家提供借鉴和示范,是一项具有战略意义的成功探索与实践。

2016年8月中央召开全面卫生与健康大会,习近平总书记提出健康中国的奋斗目标,并要求努力为人民提供全方位全周期的健康服务。医共体很可能是实现这个目标和要求的农村医疗卫生的服务模式之一。安徽省医共体创新模式,很好地契合了全国卫生与健康大会提出的健康中国目标,契合了新时期卫生与健康工作方针提出的以基层为重点、预防为主、人民共建共享等要求。刘延东副总理视察安徽肯定了医改成就,安徽省委省政府已决定在全省推开,相信医共体必将有力推动健康安徽建设,相信在当地党委政府的指导和推动下,医共体将日臻完善。

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    2018-11-11 wetgdt
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    2017-12-15 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    看病难看病贵.永远的病

    0

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    2017-12-15 thlabcde

    好资料学习了!

    0

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    2017-12-15 有备才能无患

    33岁的赵航一直与妻子在浙江杭州的一所理发店打工.与老家天长市新街镇卫生院预约了疝气手术.手术前一天他回到老家

    0

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