Diabetologia:成人2型糖尿病患者体重变化与心血管疾病事件发生率和死亡率有关

2021-12-10 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

超重或肥胖是2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的一个重要风险因素。国际指南建议,应鼓励肥胖或超重的2型糖尿病患者改变行为,以实现持续减肥。

超重或肥胖是2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的一个重要风险因素。国际指南建议,应鼓励肥胖或超重的2型糖尿病患者改变行为,以实现持续减肥。超重或肥胖人群的体重减轻可使得糖尿病缓解和一些心血管危险因素的改善,尽管其对心血管事件风险的影响仍不清楚。在2型糖尿病患者中,减肥手术后的大量体重减轻与死亡率和心血管疾病的风险降低有关。然而,大多数2型糖尿病患者不接受减肥手术,因此通常给予体重管理建议,包括健康行为改变的教育。这样的建议可能会导致体重维持或其他体重变化。然而,建议和体重变化对心血管疾病和死亡率的长期影响仍不确定。在某些情况下,可以减轻体重的降糖药物对心血管有好处;然而,这些益处可能通过其他多效途径实现。由于体重管理建议和支持是糖尿病预防和治疗的组成部分,因此应考虑其对长期健康的影响。为了综合现有的证据,我们对成人2型糖尿病患者的体重变化与心血管事件风险和死亡率之间的关系进行了系统的回顾研究。我们的目的是总结关于通过行为改变减肥对心血管疾病和过早死亡的影响的证据,这可能为医生和患者在糖尿病诊断后的体重管理提供建议。

方法:2019年7月9日,通过MEDLINE、EMBASE、Web of Science、CINAHL和The Cochrane Library (CENTRAL)的搜索,研究符合纳入年龄≥18岁的诊断为2型糖尿病的成年人。我们纳入了报道体重/BMI(或其他身体成分指标)变化与CVD事件和/或全因死亡率之间相关性的观察性研究。重量数据必须收集至少两次,以确定变化。研究报告了CVD事件(非致死性CVD事件、CVD死亡率、心肌梗死[MI]、中风、充血性心力衰竭[CHF])和/或全因或与CVD相关的死亡率。未应用与研究设计相关的排除标准。我们没有包括减肥手术后体重变化的研究,因为减肥手术可能通过减肥以外的机制(如肠道微生物群的改变影响心血管疾病的风险。同样,影响体重的药物试验也被排除在外,因为这些药物可能对心血管疾病风险有多效性影响。包括非糖尿病参与者的研究,如果结果单独呈现给糖尿病参与者,则纳入研究。我们纳入了行为干预对2型糖尿病成人CVD事件影响的试验,主要结果包括CVD事件和/或死亡率。干预需要以身体活动和/或饮食为目标来达到减肥的目的。对干预时间、交付方式或试验设计没有限制。符合条件的比较如下:(1)不干预/最小干预;(2)标准治疗;(3)其他行为方案。研究需要报告心血管事件,包括心肌梗死、中风和其他心血管相关死亡。事件CVD事件可能发生在干预期后或评估体重变化后的任何时间。只有发表的同行评议的英文研究论文被纳入。截至确定了2型糖尿病成人行为(非手术和非药物)体重变化和心血管疾病事件的观察性研究,以及以减肥为目标的行为干预试验。纳入的研究报告了成人2型糖尿病患者体重、心血管疾病和/或死亡率的变化。我们对观察性研究和试验数据的元分析进行了叙事综合。

结果:在13227篇文献中,17篇(14项观察性研究,3项试验)符合纳入标准。体重增加(与无变化相比)与更高的CVD事件风险(HRs [95% CI]范围为1.13[1.00,1.29]至1.63[1.11,2.39])和全因死亡率(HRs [95% CI]范围为1.26[1.12,1.41]至1.57[1.33,1.85])相关。非故意减肥(与无改变相比)与全因死亡率较高相关,但与故意减肥的相关性尚不清楚。以减肥为目标的行为干预对CVD事件无影响(合并HR [95% CI] 0.95 [0.71, 1.27];I2= 50.1%)。由于潜在的不可控混杂和权重评估方法,在大多数研究中偏倚风险为中度,在3个研究中偏倚风险较高。

表 纳入研究的特点

图1 HRs的森林地块和95%的CI用于1-2年体重变化研究的指示结果。Gregg等人[19]报告的体重变化类别值(以公斤为单位,但以磅为单位):丢失≥20磅;减掉1-19磅;增加1-19磅;增加≥20磅;参考:体重变化<0.5 kg(<1 l b)。Ref,对照组

图2 对于体重变化间隔为≥2年的研究,HRs的森林样地和95%的CI代表所指示的结果。Ref,对照组

图3 HR的森林地块和95%的CI用于≥2年内体重变异性研究的指示结果。Ref,对照组

图4 对于心血管疾病高危个体或其他亚组中体重变化的研究结果,HRs和95%的CI为指示结果的森林图(Forest Slot Of HRs)和95%的CI。Ref,对照组

图5 有意和无意体重变化研究的指示结果的HRs和95% ci森林图。Ref,对照组

图6 通过研究和结果对行为干预和CVD事件发生率试验的HRs和95% ci进行meta分析的森林图。IHD,缺血性心脏病。权重(%)表示每个研究结果对meta分析的相对贡献百分比。垂直虚线表示元分析点估计。DL, DerSimonian和Laird方法。a对照组事件发生率:9.52件/ 1000人年。b干预组事件发生率:5.48件/ 1000人年

结论:体重增加与心血管疾病和死亡风险增加相关,尽管缺乏数据支持减肥可以预防2型糖尿病成人心血管疾病。需要对行为干预研究进行长期随访,以了解对心血管疾病和死亡率的影响,并为有关体重管理建议和糖尿病患者支持的政策提供信息。

原文出处:

Strelitz J,  Lawlor ER,  Wu Y,et al,Association between weight change and incidence of cardiovascular disease events and mortality among adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of observational studies and behavioural intervention trials.Diabetologia 2021 Dec 02

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