BJJ评论:X线骨密度增高为何可预测TKA假体失败

2014-12-08 小小老虎 丁香园

2014年11月的BJJ杂志上发表了美国M. A. Ritter医生的一篇文章,他通过观察测量膝关节置换术后数字化X线片上骨骼密度的变化来研究假体失败与骨骼密度之间的关系,最终发现在术后2个月时的标准X线片上即可观察到失败组和非失败组患者的骨骼密度变化差异。英国T. J. Wilton教授对此文发表了随刊评论,现全文翻译如下。 在本期的BJJ杂志上,读者会看到一篇非常有趣的关于全膝关

2014年11月的BJJ杂志上发表了美国M. A. Ritter医生的一篇文章,他通过观察测量膝关节置换术后数字化X线片上骨骼密度的变化来研究假体失败与骨骼密度之间的关系,最终发现在术后2个月时的标准X线片上即可观察到失败组和非失败组患者的骨骼密度变化差异。英国T. J. Wilton教授对此文发表了随刊评论,现全文翻译如下。

在本期的BJJ杂志上,读者会看到一篇非常有趣的关于全膝关节置换术后胫骨平台周围的骨骼密度和质量的研究。这篇研究之所以有趣存在以下几个原因。首先,作者通过门诊复查时常规术后X线片上以定量的方式确认骨骼密度改变。其次,发现出现植入物失败患者的骨骼密度存在一定改变。最后,根据临床上膝关节假体失败的类型确认了胫骨近端骨骼密度改变的不同类型。

和双能骨密度测定DEXA相比,对于此项研究,常规的易于获取的X线片具备更多实质性优点。很多医疗结构发现常规使用或反复进行DEXA扫描不仅价格昂贵而且难以在临床中使用不太方便,一些医院甚至未将DEXA纳入常规检查。

作者用来观察数字X线片了解骨骼密度的改变的方法也是最先报道。在这篇文章中,作者对其进行了改良,将其与那些膝关节假体失败的病例进行配对对比分析,同时将整个术后系列的X线片纳入分析了解骨骼密度与时间之间的关系。最后将植入物假体的密度作为“绝对”密度标准化参考值。

作者的研究结果表明:对于未出现假体失败的患者,其假体周围胫骨近端的骨密度在术后几年之间内外侧同时逐渐出现骨骼密度下降。

这一现象是可以预知的,因为这直接反应了骨骼与假体周围应力保护的作用,Walker在很多年之前就详细介绍了应力保护的概念。那些因为不稳而失败的关节置换患者,其假体内外侧的骨骼密度也存在下降,但是这种密度下降在术后很早的时候就已发生,与未失败组患者在时间上存在显著差异。

那些由于膝关节内侧塌陷和沉降、以及透亮线逐渐增大而失败的患者,最早在术后2个月的时候就会出现胫骨内侧密度相对升高,而那些未失败的对照组患者的这种相对升高在术后数年还会进一步发展。

作者认为他们的发现表明失败的患者中假体内翻塌陷和出现渐进性X线透亮影时胫骨内侧的负荷过重,因此,根据Wolff定律,胫骨内侧的骨骼密度增加。对于那些出现松动的假体,胫骨内侧所增加的骨骼密度并不足以对抗骨骼的负荷,从而出现塌陷和假体松动。这种解释似是而非,可能也不是导致塌陷和失败的唯一可能原因。

尽管我们知道骨骼密度和骨骼强度并不是同一个概念,但是我们还是想要知道骨骼密度的改变是否与全膝关节置换手术后胫骨假体的松动塌陷有关。Ralis等人在骨骼质量缺陷的文章中曾有关于骨骼形状和患者体型之间的复杂关系的介绍。

即使我们能够搞清楚骨骼密度改变与膝关节假体失败类型之间的关系,那么还有很多其他的一些问题需要解决。有一个问题非常重要,究竟是假体失败导致的骨骼密度出现改变还是由于骨骼密度改变导致假体失败?

如果是骨骼密度改变导致了假体失败,那么在失败之前就有可能已经存在骨骼密度的改变(例如,内侧和外侧的不同)或者在手术之后就会出现密度改变。

手术过程中对禁锢近端血供的损伤会造成内外侧骨骼密度的改变。尤其是胫骨内侧容易受到影响,因为大多数的手术切口和软组织松解都是在膝关节内侧进行。

如果这样的手术干预会导致一定程度的骨坏死,那么随后是可能出现骨骼密度改变的。在其他部位的骨骼中,如果出现缺血性骨坏死,坏死的骨质并不参与废用性骨质疏松的形成,因此,坏死的骨骼周围会更加硬化周围出现骨质疏松,从而发生骨骼密度的变化。这是距骨颈骨折的出现Hawkins征的基础。在舟骨骨折之后近端骨质缺血性坏死后会出现早期的硬化反应。

这篇文章的研究结果另外一个可能解释是,一小部分患者在手术中胫骨内侧受到损伤,胫骨植入物的下方密度保持恒定稳定,而胫骨外侧由于应力保护和“废用”而导致密度下降。

假体不稳的患者出现的骨质疏松较为明显,事实上,骨质疏松可以同时发生在胫骨内侧和外侧,其原因还有一个可能是由于患者意识到膝关节不稳而后减少使用患肢所造成的废用性反应。

因此,对于评估判断膝关节不稳还有许多需要进一步研究的领域。利用常规随访的X线检查来完成这样的研究是非常令人鼓舞的。正如作者所提到的,该方法存在一个缺陷,由于术前X线片上没有植入物来提供标准化的密度测量参考值,因此很难对手术前的膝关节骨骼密度进行精确评估。

如果能够采用标准化的金属标志物来解决这一缺陷,那么或许可以进一步的开展大规模的研究,例如评估不同材料和结构的胫骨植入物的对胫骨近端骨密度的影响。

原始出处:

Wilton TJ.Can we identify and predict failure of knee implants from routine bone density measurements?Bone Joint J. 2014 Nov;96-B(11):1429-30. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.96B11.34982.


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    2015-04-12 x35042875

    脊柱融合术中是否使用BMP后的骨不连的发生率无统计学差别

    0

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    2014-12-10 piaojinhua
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    2014-12-10 liuhuangbo
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    2014-12-10 liuxiaona
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    2014-12-10 liuxiaona

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