阿奇霉素,四种情况不能用

2016-07-30 佚名 药评中心

12岁儿童服用阿奇霉素后死亡XXX,男,12岁;诊断:中耳炎。医生开了5天剂量的阿奇霉素。服用4天后,患者出现心跳加速,晕眩以及作呕状态。患者被送到急诊室,在心脏监视器看到长QT,患者很快就引发多型性心室性心律不整,抢救后不治死亡。死因分析:阿奇霉素有延长QT间期的副作用。绝大多数患者服用阿奇霉素是没有问题的,恰恰这位12岁的儿童患有先天性心脏疾病,本该选用另一种抗生素。教训:药与病之间,药与药之

12岁儿童服用阿奇霉素后死亡


XXX,男,12岁;诊断:中耳炎。


医生开了5天剂量的阿奇霉素。服用4天后,患者出现心跳加速,晕眩以及作呕状态。患者被送到急诊室,在心脏监视器看到长QT,患者很快就引发多型性心室性心律不整,抢救后不治死亡。


死因分析:阿奇霉素有延长QT间期的副作用。绝大多数患者服用阿奇霉素是没有问题的,恰恰这位12岁的儿童患有先天性心脏疾病,本该选用另一种抗生素。


教训:药与病之间,药与药之间,甚至药与食物之间,都有可能存在着相互冲撞的风险。医生多问一句,患者多说一句,很多时候就能避免不必要的伤害。


阿奇霉素的抗菌作用特点


阿奇霉素对革兰阴性菌的抗菌活性是红霉素的2~8倍(抗革兰阳性菌的活性比红霉素略差),对肺炎支原体的作用是大环内酯类中的最强者。阿奇霉素对某些细菌表现为快速杀菌作用,而其他大环内酯类都为抑菌药。


阿奇霉素对胃酸稳定且易于吸收,组织浓度较同期血药浓度高出10~100倍。阿奇霉素具有明显的靶效应,可向感染病灶定向转运,炎症部位浓度比非炎症部位高达6倍以上。阿奇霉素血浆半衰期35~48h,组织半衰期68~76h,而且阿奇霉素有很强的抗生素后效应,停药后的有效抗菌作用至少可维持10d。


阿奇霉素可增加心血管死亡风险


阿奇霉素不良反应轻微,广泛用于治疗各种感染性疾病:


(1)对沙眼衣原体、杜克嗜血杆菌或敏感淋球菌所致的性传播疾病:仅需单次口服1000mg;


(2)对其他感染的治疗:总剂量1500mg,每日一次,每次500mg,共三天。或总剂量相同,首日服用500mg,第二至第五日每日一次口服本品250mg。


然而,美国一项回顾性队列研究发现:5天 的治疗中,较服用阿莫西林和未服用任何抗生素的患者,服用阿奇霉素的患者心血管死亡的风险增加。与阿莫西林相比,低心血管风险患者使用阿奇霉素,每100万例中增加47 例心血管死亡; 高心血管风险患者,每100 万例中增加245 例心血管死亡。


为此,美国FDA 于2013 年3 月12 日发布公告,警告阿奇霉素存在心血管风险。


四种情况避免使用阿奇霉素


如何更加合理用好阿奇霉素,以避免致命性心律失常的风险?对此,美国食品药品管理局(FDA)提出了如下建议:


1. 确诊的QT间期延长,先天性长QT间期综合征,尖端扭转型室速病史,心动过缓,或失代偿性心力衰竭不能使用。


2. 患者处于促心律失常状态,例如未纠正的低钾血症、低镁血症患者不能使用。


3. 正在使用延长QT间期药物的患者,比如ⅠA型(丙吡胺、奎尼丁、双氢奎尼丁)和Ⅲ型(胺碘酮、多非利特、伊布利特、索他洛尔)抗心律失常药物;抗精神病药物;抗抑郁药物;氟喹诺酮类药物(如莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星);其他药物(西沙比利、咪唑斯汀)治疗的患者不能使用。


4. 老年心脏病患者对影响QT间期的药物更为敏感,所以不能使用。


美国FDA同时建议对于存在上述情况的患者,应更换其他抗生素治疗,在选择替代药物时应考虑:喹诺酮类药物与其它大环内酯类药物同样存在QT间期延长的副作用。


阿奇霉素给药方式说明


1. 口服给药:口服制剂应在餐前1小时或餐后2小时服用。(希舒美除外,可与食物同时服用)


2. 注射液的配制: 首先用适量注射用水充分溶解,配制成100mg/ml溶液,再加入250ml或500ml的0.9%氯化钠注射液或5%葡萄糖注射液中,最终配制成1-2mg/ml的静脉滴注液。


3. 静脉滴注: 每500mg本药静脉滴注时间不宜少于60分钟,药液浓度为1mg/ml时滴注时间应为3小时,浓度为2mg/ml时滴注时间应为1小时,滴注液浓度不得高于2mg/ml。


4. 本药注射剂不宜静脉推注或肌内注射给药。


阿奇霉素胃肠道反应的防治


阿奇霉素不良反应主要包括过敏性休克、胃肠道反应、结膜充血、急性喘息发作合并呼吸衰竭、前庭功能障碍等几种。而胃肠道反应则是最常见的一种不良反应(儿科胃肠道反应占62 .9%)。


近年来,有多项研究发现:以下几种药物可有效预防阿奇霉素引起的胃肠道反应(见下表)。


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    2016-08-08 langwang

    用药要规范

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96862, encodeId=8aed9686262, content=用药要规范, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4e9b1836586, createdName=langwang, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 09:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95239, encodeId=97a395239fa, content=警惕警惕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 11:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95241, encodeId=97679524132, content=原来老师跟我说阿奇霉素是抑菌药,呜呜呜,骗我, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=3, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b09f1636586, createdName=onetree, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 11:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95200, encodeId=29799520042, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zGdN1x8J6HqtUI2Gpibk3sfIIBhZchAhjoiaCQlficdtQTnEqYncy3GVEMPIOJwD7t0mO2KfYGMgkIg/0, createdBy=86081727811, createdName=4546wk, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 10:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95148, encodeId=d82c9514810, content=希舒美效果很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJDLicbdiao8d0vymSicFv4hYM7xuBbl2k4kA5oxnVBXkmQzoFZOK07PnLKAS9KGeoxOIM3uBWN0ZQhA/132, createdBy=86ba1929521, createdName=tinali1986, createdTime=Sat Jul 30 16:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95144, encodeId=ca409514406, content=阿奇霉素应用非常广泛,但是他的禁忌症也要非常小心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Jul 30 15:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-31 oo902

    警惕警惕

    0

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    2016-07-31 onetree

    原来老师跟我说阿奇霉素是抑菌药,呜呜呜,骗我

    0

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    2016-07-31 4546wk

    文章不错

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96862, encodeId=8aed9686262, content=用药要规范, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4e9b1836586, createdName=langwang, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 09:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95239, encodeId=97a395239fa, content=警惕警惕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 11:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95241, encodeId=97679524132, content=原来老师跟我说阿奇霉素是抑菌药,呜呜呜,骗我, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=3, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b09f1636586, createdName=onetree, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 11:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95200, encodeId=29799520042, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zGdN1x8J6HqtUI2Gpibk3sfIIBhZchAhjoiaCQlficdtQTnEqYncy3GVEMPIOJwD7t0mO2KfYGMgkIg/0, createdBy=86081727811, createdName=4546wk, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 10:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95148, encodeId=d82c9514810, content=希舒美效果很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJDLicbdiao8d0vymSicFv4hYM7xuBbl2k4kA5oxnVBXkmQzoFZOK07PnLKAS9KGeoxOIM3uBWN0ZQhA/132, createdBy=86ba1929521, createdName=tinali1986, createdTime=Sat Jul 30 16:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95144, encodeId=ca409514406, content=阿奇霉素应用非常广泛,但是他的禁忌症也要非常小心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Jul 30 15:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-30 tinali1986

    希舒美效果很好

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96862, encodeId=8aed9686262, content=用药要规范, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4e9b1836586, createdName=langwang, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 09:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95239, encodeId=97a395239fa, content=警惕警惕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 11:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95241, encodeId=97679524132, content=原来老师跟我说阿奇霉素是抑菌药,呜呜呜,骗我, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=3, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b09f1636586, createdName=onetree, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 11:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95200, encodeId=29799520042, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zGdN1x8J6HqtUI2Gpibk3sfIIBhZchAhjoiaCQlficdtQTnEqYncy3GVEMPIOJwD7t0mO2KfYGMgkIg/0, createdBy=86081727811, createdName=4546wk, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 10:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95148, encodeId=d82c9514810, content=希舒美效果很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJDLicbdiao8d0vymSicFv4hYM7xuBbl2k4kA5oxnVBXkmQzoFZOK07PnLKAS9KGeoxOIM3uBWN0ZQhA/132, createdBy=86ba1929521, createdName=tinali1986, createdTime=Sat Jul 30 16:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95144, encodeId=ca409514406, content=阿奇霉素应用非常广泛,但是他的禁忌症也要非常小心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Jul 30 15:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-30 lovetcm

    阿奇霉素应用非常广泛,但是他的禁忌症也要非常小心

    0

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