同性恋生而如此?浙大北大联合多家单位,揭示汉族男性性取向相关基因位点

2021-11-16 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

生而为同性恋,不用感到抱歉。 近期,由浙大、北大联合多家科研单位,在Cell Discovery上发表研究,揭示了与汉族男性性取向相关的两个遗传位点。

“homosexuality”(同性恋),是指只对同性产生爱情和性欲的人,具有这种性取向的个体被称之为同性恋者。

据估计,同性恋在人群中占比达到2%-6%,并且在各个社会和各类文化中,同性恋者所占比例是比较接近和稳定的。

2004年,中国卫生部官方发布的《同性恋白皮书》显示,男性同性恋约占处于性活跃期的中国男性大众的2%-4%(目前这份《同性恋白皮书》在网络上已找不到原件,仅有相关报道显示其确实存在过)。

在一些关于同性恋性取向形成的研究中,科学家发现遗传或能部分解释性取向的成因,比如1986年的一项研究显示,男性同性恋具有家族聚集的倾向,如果你有一个兄弟是男同性恋,那么你(男性)是同性恋的倾向是其他人的4倍之多,当然这种家族聚集的倾向不仅源于基因,也可能源于家庭环境的因素。

之后一些关于双胞胎性取向的研究,同样显示了同卵双胞胎性取向一致性高于异卵双胞胎,高于没有血缘的、领养的兄弟姐妹

这些研究样本量较小,证据力量过于薄弱,却为后来的性取向遗传学研究提供了立足的依据。

近期,由浙大、北大联合多家科研单位,在Cell Discovery上发表研究:Discovery of new genetic loci for male sexual orientation in Han population,揭示了与汉族男性性取向相关的两个遗传位点。

图片

汉族男性为研究对象,通过对1478名同性恋者与3313名异性恋者进行全基因组关联分析(GWAS),研究人员得到两个与男性性取向相关的遗传位点,分别是FMR1NB基因rs17320865(Xq27.3,Pmeta= 8.36 × 10−8, OR= 1.29)及ZNF536基因rs7259428(19q12,Pmeta= 7.58 ×10−8, OR= 0.75)

不仅如此,研究人员还利用人体试验与动物试验,证明这两个位点是具有生物学意义的。

利用尸检标本,通过免疫组织化学染色,研究人员发现:相较于异性恋者,同性恋者下丘脑视交叉上核中ZNF536表达量更低,染色区域面积也更小。而之前部分研究认为下丘脑与性取向相关

图片

图注:异性恋者(c),同性恋者(d)SCN区域,ZNF536免疫组织化学染色

此外,为了验证FMR1NB基因的生物学功能,研究人员通过CRISPR基因编辑技术构建FMR1NB基因敲除鼠(FMR1NB-/-),和野生型小鼠相比,FMR1NB-/-小鼠在体型和重量方面并无明显改变,然而,FMR1NB-/-小鼠更倾向于发生的同性性交行为(P=0.051),并且两种小鼠在血清素、多巴胺和炎症通路的表达方面存在显著差异,这些通路在以往的研究中显示可能与性取向有关。

本项研究的亮点在于:

①以往的关于性取向遗传学研究大多集中于欧洲血统人群,而本研究则是以汉族男性人群为研究对象,丰富了此类研究的祖先样本。 

②一项非常出名的,2019年发表在Science的研究,采用比较粗略的分类方式,通过“是否有过同性性行为”来区分同性恋者和异性恋者,过于简单粗暴。而本次研究纳入的人群,就相对要严谨一些,研究对象的性取向更为明确。 

③这项研究发现的两个位点,在人体试验和动物试验,都证明了其具有生物学意义。

在文章讨论部分,作者还提到:由于大众对同性恋研究的争议,以及性取向遗传研究的复杂性,该领域的进展缓慢甚至停滞不前。

确实,关于同性恋性取向的遗传研究除了是一个生物问题,还有很多伦理、道德方面的问题需要思考,比如:相比于同性恋,异性恋的行为模式似乎不需要解释,异性之间的性吸引和性行为被认为是自然和不可避免的。

针对同性恋行为的研究,是否会使公众认为“同性恋是需要‘解释’,能够通过基因‘诊断’,甚至找到‘治愈’的方法?

不得不说,有时候科学研究就像一把双刃剑,一方面,如果同性恋取向取决于基因遗传,那么同性恋者“生而如此”,性取向就应该和性别、种族一样,不应受到歧视。

调查显示,相比那些认为同性恋者是“后天选择这条路、有意成为这样的人”的人,认为同性恋者是“天生如此”的人,对同性恋者抱有更宽容的态度,也更愿意支持他们争取公民权利。

另一方面,虽然说性取向绝不是靠着几个基因位点决定的,而是受多基因共同影响,并且还要考虑后天环境因素,但是,难保不会有人利用此作恶,去预测他人性取向,并采取措施“扼杀”这些情况的发生。在一些国家,同性恋者一旦暴露自己的性取向,面临的不仅是周围舆论的压力,甚至还有终身监禁或死刑。

图片

                   图注:来源https://ilga.org/map-sexual-orientation-laws-december-2020

最后,一些“同性恋基因”的小惊喜分享给大家,Zietsch等人关于“同性性行为为什么得以在进化中保存”的研究中,提到:

“同性恋基因”不仅出现在同性恋人群,也有可能出现在异性恋人群,并且给这些人群带来“交配优势”(说人话:拥有更多性伴侣,说得优雅一点:更具性魅力)。

同时,“同性恋基因”也可能和更具冒险精神、更愿意以开放的心态尝试新事物相关,可以使人增加外在吸引力,特别是在男性身上(会不会有时候突然为身边的同性恋者心折呢?)。

Love is love,爱应该是平等的,心之所向,无关性别,勇敢的人值得被爱。

参考文献
1.Hu, S. H., Li, H. M., Yu, H., Liu, Y., Liu, C. X., Zuo, X. B., Lu, J., Jiang, J. J., Xi, C. X., Huang, B. C., Xu, H. J., Hu, J. B., Lai, J. B., Huang, M. L., Liu, J. N., Xu, D. G., Guo, X. C., Wu, W., Wu, X., Jiang, L., … Xu, Y. (2021). Discovery of new genetic loci for male sexual orientation in Han population. Cell discovery, 7(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-021-00341-7
2.Ganna, A., Verweij, K., Nivard, M. G., Maier, R., Wedow, R., Busch, A. S., Abdellaoui, A., Guo, S., Sathirapongsasuti, J. F., 23andMe Research Team, Lichtenstein, P., Lundström, S., Långström, N., Auton, A., Harris, K. M., Beecham, G. W., Martin, E. R., Sanders, A. R., Perry, J., Neale, B. M., … Zietsch, B. P. (2019). Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior. Science (New York, N.Y.), 365(6456), eaat7693. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7693
3.Zietsch, B. P., Sidari, M. J., Abdellaoui, A., Maier, R., Långström, N., Guo, S., Beecham, G. W., Martin, E. R., Sanders, A. R., & Verweij, K. (2021). Genomic evidence consistent with antagonistic pleiotropy may help explain the evolutionary maintenance of same-sex sexual behaviour in humans. Nature human behaviour, 5(9), 1251–1258. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01168-8
4.Bailey, J. M. & Pillard, R. C. A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48, 1 0 8 9–1096 (1991).
5.Savulescu, J., Earp, B. D., & Schuklenk, U. (2021). Ethics of genetic research on same-sex sexual behaviour. Nature human behaviour, 5(9), 1123–1124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01164-y
撰文 | 四五七
编辑 | PP

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    2021-11-18 zxxiang
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    2021-11-16 ms1000001994227128

    同性恋是政治话题

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    2021-11-16 ms1000001868180773

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