血管源性、细胞毒性和间质性脑水肿的鉴别

2022-07-20 新乡医学影像中心 新乡医学影像中心

一文读懂~

脑水肿分为血管源性脑水肿、细胞性水肿和间质性脑水肿。

血管源性脑水肿

主因因血脑屏障受损、破坏,致毛细血管通透性增加,水分渗出增多,积存于血管周围及细胞间质所致。此时,由于一些蛋白物质随水分经血管壁通透到细胞外液中,使细胞外液渗透压升高,水分由血管壁渗出增多,致使脑水肿继续发展,脑外伤所导致的外伤性脑水肿早期主要为血管源性脑水肿。发病部位脑白质。典型疾病如肿瘤、脓肿、脑炎。

下图为胶质母细胞瘤,肿瘤使周围脑组织受压或阻塞脑静脉回流,静脉压升高,脑脊液循环机吸收障碍,以及肿瘤生物毒性作用等,使肿瘤周围的脑组织受影响,血脑屏障损害或破坏,血管壁通透性增加,产生局限性血管源性脑水肿。

FLAIR序列肿瘤为稍高信号,肿瘤周围白质内见不规则形高信号水肿,勾勒出局部脑白质形态。

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T1增强扫描可以看到肿瘤实体呈花环状强化,而周围水肿无强化。

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波谱显示Cho峰明显增高,NAA峰减低。

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细胞性脑水肿

细胞性脑水肿是不同的致病因素,使细胞内外环境改变,脑组织缺氧,影响神经细胞代谢,细胞膜系统功能障碍,线粒体三磷酸腺苷生成减少,神经细胞膜的钠-钾泵、钙-镁泵等活性降低,使神经细胞内外的钠、钾钙等离子交换障碍。这些因素均可导致细胞内水肿。此类水肿时,血脑屏障可不受影响,血管周围间隙及细胞外间隙无明显扩大,细胞内水肿液不含蛋白,钠、氯离子水平增高。特点为细胞内水钠聚集,水肿部位累及灰、白质,典型疾病为缺血缺氧早期。

下图为急性期脑梗死的患者,DWI示左侧额叶见明显片状高信号,责任血管为左侧大脑中动脉额叶分支。

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间质性脑水肿

又称脑积水性脑水肿,常见于梗阻性脑积水。不同病因引起梗阻性脑积水,使脑室系统扩大,尤以侧脑室扩大为甚,致使脑室内压力显著高于脑组织内的压力。产生脑室内-脑组织内压力梯度,这种压力梯度的显著差别,使脑室内液体可以透过脑室室管膜到脑室周围脑组织中,形成脑室周围白质脑水肿。

下图为一例梗阻性脑积水的患者,双侧侧脑室明显扩张,侧脑室前角旁可见新月形长T2信号的水肿带。

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DWI序列中由于髓母细胞瘤组织细胞排列紧密,呈典型的高信号。

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T1增强矢状位四脑室的病灶呈轻度不均匀强化。

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    2022-07-22 小华子
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    2022-07-20 ms5000000518166734

    学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习

    0

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    2022-07-20 小夜夜

    受教了

    0

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