Circulation:新型降糖药胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂的心脏保护作用

2014-06-10 佚名 dxy

糖尿病是心血管疾病的主要危险因素,糖尿病患者发生冠心病和卒中风险增加2倍,而且糖尿病所致心血管疾病负担也在日益增加。另外,肥胖人群的增多使糖尿病发病率上升,肥胖本身也是糖尿病患者心血管疾病的独立危险因素。 尽管强化降糖明确减少糖尿病微血管并发症,但是否减少大血管并发症仍存在争议。降糖联合降脂、降压、减肥和增加体育锻炼等综合治疗被推荐用于减少心血管风险,但是综合治疗HbA1c达标率仍<5

糖尿病是心血管疾病的主要危险因素,糖尿病患者发生冠心病和卒中风险增加2倍,而且糖尿病所致心血管疾病负担也在日益增加。另外,肥胖人群的增多使糖尿病发病率上升,肥胖本身也是糖尿病患者心血管疾病的独立危险因素。

尽管强化降糖明确减少糖尿病微血管并发症,但是否减少大血管并发症仍存在争议。降糖联合降脂、降压、减肥和增加体育锻炼等综合治疗被推荐用于减少心血管风险,但是综合治疗HbA1c达标率仍<50%,因此,需要新的降糖药物更好的降低血糖和控制心血管风险。

二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPP-IV)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂是新晋出现的糖尿病治疗药物,尽管最初研究报道这两类药物均有心脏保护作用,但大型临床试验证实DPP-IV抑制剂未能改善心血管预后,而研究GLP-1受体激动剂对心血管预后的随机临床试验正在进行中。

本文主要概括GLP-1受体激动剂治疗2型糖尿病的治疗效果、不良反应以及对心血管疾病高危患者的潜在价值。

糖尿病病理生理和肠促胰岛素的的作用

2型糖尿病病理生理涉及一系列代谢异常,包括胰岛素抵抗、胰岛素分泌不足、脂类分解、葡萄糖毒性、脂毒性、胰岛β细胞凋亡以及肠促胰岛素作用钝化等,其中肠促胰岛素在糖尿病发生发展中起着重要的作用。

肠促胰岛素由胃肠道细胞分泌,主要是促进胰岛素分泌维持血糖内稳态。“肠促胰岛素效应”最先在20世纪60年代被提出,糖依赖促胰岛素多肽和GLP-1是“肠促胰岛素效应”的主要执行分子。

糖依赖促胰岛素多肽由近端小肠K细胞分泌,在血糖升高情况下促进胰岛素分泌;GLP-1由远端小肠L细胞分泌,其结合内分泌胰岛上的受体,刺激胰岛素分泌,增强胰岛素基因转录和生物合成,抑制胰高血糖素分泌。葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽和GLP-1均快速被DPP-IV降解。

研究报道,GLP-1抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡,促进β细胞增殖和新生,另外,GLP-1可能作用于下丘脑,从而减小食欲、增加饱足感和促进体重减轻,体重减轻有助于减少胰岛素抵抗和维持正常血糖。

针对肠促胰岛素轴的药物

目前已开发两类针对肠促胰岛素轴的糖尿病治疗药物:GLP-1受体激动剂和DPP-IV抑制剂。GLP-1受体激动剂可以抵抗DPP-IV的降解作用,并且具有降糖、延迟胃肠道排空、减轻体重以及可能的心血管保护作用。口服DPP-IV抑制剂延迟内源性肠促胰岛素肽的降解,适度刺进胰岛素分泌,减少胰高血糖素产生。

GLP-1受体激动剂治疗效果和不良反应

早期安慰剂对照研究表明艾塞那肽(GLP-1受体激动剂,2/日)作为磺酰脲类、噻唑烷二酮类或二甲双胍单一或联合用药的辅助用药使HbA1c减少近0.9%,并且低血糖风险极低,只有轻微的胃肠道不良反应。艾塞那肽疗效持久,3年随访表明艾塞那肽持续改善血糖控制、减轻体重。尽管研究结果令人振奋,但可能存在选择偏倚,我们应该谨慎看待。

后来研究表明艾塞那肽(1/周)与2/日相比进一步改善血糖控制,HbA1c下降达1.6%-1.9%,同时还发现该用药剂量可以一定程度上降低收缩压、血脂等。

利拉鲁肽(另一种GLP-1受体激动剂)同样呈现出令人兴奋的研究结果,利拉鲁肽与艾塞那肽(2/日)相比,更能减少HbA1c,而且恶心等副作用更少,比较利拉鲁肽与艾塞那肽(1/周)的研究结果表明利拉鲁肽(1/日)在降低HbA1c和体重方面优于艾塞那肽(1/周)。

与传统糖尿病口服药物相比,艾塞那肽和利拉鲁肽均进一步控制血糖,并能减轻体重。与胰岛素相比,LEAD-5研究表明在二甲双胍和磺酰脲类基础上加用利拉鲁肽较加用胰岛素更能降低HbA1c、体重以及血压等,而低血糖发生率无差异,但是加用利拉鲁肽明显增加恶心和腹泻等胃肠道不良反应症状。艾塞那肽(1/周)与胰岛素相比结果与利拉鲁肽相似。

GLP-1受体激动剂对心血管疾病的潜在价值

高血糖对心血管系统的损害作用可能与晚期糖基化终末产物堆积、内皮功能受损、血栓形成异常、炎症增加、血脂紊乱、游离脂肪酸增加等有关,GLP-1受体激动剂除了卓越的血糖控制能力,还能减轻体重、降低血脂和血压,GLP-1或许可以起心脏保护作用。

1.GLP-1激动剂和心血管危险因素

肥胖是心血管事件独立危险因素,传统降糖药物(包括胰岛素)可能导致体重增加,而GLP-1激动剂可以减轻体重,另外,研究表明GLP-1激动剂轻度提高脂质水平,而总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯和载脂蛋白B等水平下降。

高血压也是心血管事件重要危险因素,而GLP-1激动剂可能可以降低血压。一项荟萃分析显示艾塞那肽和胰岛素或安慰剂相比,使收缩压降低2-4mmHg,利拉鲁肽也有类似的降压效应。

2.GLP-1激动剂和心衰

动物模型

基础研究表明小鼠心脏GLP-1受体干扰导致舒张性心力衰竭、左室舒张末压增加以及左室壁厚度增加,而自发性高血压心衰肥胖大鼠连续注射GLP-1激动剂3个月能够延长生存期、保留左室功能、增加心肌糖摄取并减少凋亡。

临床研究

早期临床研究表明GLP-1对心衰作用存在争议。1项非随机研究表明3名纽约心功能III/IV级患者GLP-1激动剂连续输注12周与标准治疗治疗组9名患者相比,左室射血分数和6分钟步行距离得到改善,但是一项随机双盲研究表明15名纽约心功能II-III级代偿性心衰非糖尿病患者输注GLP-1激动剂48小时未能显著改善血流动力学,反而增加早期低血糖风险。

上述研究均存在局限性,即采用连续输注GLP-1激动剂的给药方式,该方式与批准的间断使用形式大相径庭。因此,我们需谨慎对待研究结果,上述研究可能不适用于目前的肠促胰岛素治疗。另外,GLP-1激动剂治疗心衰的长期临床预后尚不清楚。但是,GLP-1激动剂的多效性使其在心衰糖尿病患者中尚有研究价值。

3.GLP-1受体激动剂与内皮功能障碍

动物模型

基础研究表明GLP-1激动剂或可以改善内皮功能障碍,减少血管炎症标志物和血管壁单核/巨噬细胞聚集。

临床研究

少数个案研究表明GLP-1激动剂改善糖尿病合并冠脉疾病患者血管内皮功能和内皮以来血管舒张。这些分子或细胞效应是否具有临床意义有待进一步研究证实。

4.GLP-1受体激动剂和缺血

动物模型

基础研究表明GLP-1激动剂可能通过增加心肌葡萄糖摄取减少动物缺血模型心肌梗死面积、保留心脏功能,起心脏保护作用。

临床研究

支持GLP-1激动剂用于心肌缺血治疗的临床证据有限。一项小型非随机试验表明急性心肌梗死PCI术后持续输注GLP-1激动剂72小时显著改善心梗后左室射血分数和室壁运动。另外一项小型研究表明冠脉搭桥术前输注GLP-1激动剂12小时减少术后正性肌力药物使用并改善血糖控制。

最近,几项随机临床试验表明STEMI患者急诊直接PCI(药物洗脱支架)之前(恢复再灌注之前)使用艾塞那肽减少1-3个月梗死面积。但是大部分纳入患者这为非糖尿病患者,而且艾塞那肽输注和皮下注射均获益。

这些研究存在样本量小、患者选择性及稳定性高以及采用心脏MRI和血浆心肌酶水平等替代主要终点等局限性。尽管如此,这些研究的阳性结果可能使得开展研究GLP-1治疗糖尿病或非糖尿病合并急性心肌缺血的大型试验存在价值。

5.GLP-1受体激动剂和主要不良心血管事件

最后但是最为重要的有研究表明GLP-1激动剂可能减少2型糖尿病患者不良心血管事件风险。早期利拉鲁肽和艾塞那肽研究显示减少心血管事件的趋势。一项回顾性分析发现艾塞那肽较其它降糖药物减少糖尿病患者心梗、卒中和冠脉血运重建发生率。

研究GLP-1对糖尿病大血管及心血管终点长期作用的大型、前瞻性随机试验正在开展。ELIXA(利西拉来)研究旨在评估急性冠脉综合征后GLP-1激动剂治疗的心血管预后,EXSCEL(艾塞那肽,1/周)研究,LEADER(利拉鲁肽)研究和REWIND(dulaglutide)研究将会呈现GLP-1作为糖尿病常规用药对心血管的长期影响。

存在的顾虑:安全性

尽管肠促胰岛素治疗前景诱人,但安全问题不容忽视。艾塞那肽发售不久便面临自发性胰腺炎、胰腺粘液性化生、不典型增生和肿瘤形成等状况。基于FDA不良事件数据库研究表明艾塞那肽使胰腺炎发生率增加10倍,使胰腺癌发生率增加3倍。一项病例对照研究表明因急性胰腺炎入院糖尿病患者同时使用GLP-1激动剂使胰腺炎风险增加2倍。

上述研究均属于回顾性研究,存在显著报告偏倚,不能保证安全终点的统一性。相反,有数据表明糖尿病患者服用艾塞那肽或西格列汀不增加因急性胰腺炎入院风险。另外,糖尿病本身使急性胰腺炎发生率增加2-3倍。尽管存在争议,但前瞻性试验表明GLP-1激动剂不增加胰腺炎和胰腺恶性肿瘤风险。

另外,GLP-1激动剂可能增加甲状腺髓样癌发生风险,并有加快心率的作用(大约2次/分)。总而言之,GLP-1激动剂安全性尚存在争议,这一问题可能在获得长期治疗安全性数据后方可解决。

结论

糖尿病相关心血管疾病发病率和死亡率均很高,传统降糖药物可能不能有效减少主要不良心血管事件发生,而GLP-1受体激动剂作为新的降糖药物,凭借其可能的心血管保护作用,或许应该被用于糖尿病合并心血管风险患者早期治疗。

原始出处

Smilowitz NR1, Donnino R1, Schwartzbard A2.Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists for diabetes mellitus: a role in cardiovascular disease.Circulation. 2014 Jun 3

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GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1599030, encodeId=006f1599030f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f14d2e187ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#保护作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27187, encryptionId=f14d2e187ac, topicName=保护作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2ee918684940, createdName=photoman, createdTime=Thu Jun 12 05:16:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1627722, encodeId=9629162e722b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ab4f66e8913' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#激动剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66789, encryptionId=ab4f66e8913, topicName=激动剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=95bc21134754, createdName=medscijoin, createdTime=Thu Jun 12 05:16:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1694252, encodeId=68021694252c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f3ad840081f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰高血糖素样肽-1#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84008, encryptionId=f3ad840081f, topicName=胰高血糖素样肽-1)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9c5929589014, createdName=liuquanmn, createdTime=Mon Jul 14 01:16:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1992529, encodeId=108f199252922, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=25075141959' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心脏保护#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51419, encryptionId=25075141959, topicName=心脏保护)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, 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createdBy=95bc21134754, createdName=medscijoin, createdTime=Thu Jun 12 05:16:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. 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createdBy=95bc21134754, createdName=medscijoin, createdTime=Thu Jun 12 05:16:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-06-12 hbwxf
  5. 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  6. 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