Acta Haematol: 获得性 V 因子缺乏症:慢性粒细胞白血病和极度白细胞增多症患者出血的新原因?

2022-05-15 网络 网络

获得性 V 因子缺乏症:慢性粒细胞白血病和极度白细胞增多症患者出血的新原因?

慢性髓系白血病(CML)是一种骨髓增生性肿瘤(MPN),已知 MPN 患者的出血并发症与获得性血管性血友病或血小板功能障碍有关。在这里,一研究团队描述了两个非常相似的慢性期 CML 病例。

案例1:

一名29岁男子因腹痛到社区医院就诊,发现有高白细胞增多和严重贫血。随后他被转到研究团队所在医院紧急评估潜在的恶性血液系统。入院当日,患者白细胞计数651.2x103 /mcL,血红蛋白5.1 g/dL,血小板计数393x103 /mcL。筛查凝血面板异常,PT19.5秒(正常范围11.7 ~ 13.6),PTT48.6秒(正常范围25.4 ~ 34.5)。骨髓活检显示90%的细胞,伴有明显的髓样增生,非典型巨核细胞和6%的成髓细胞。分子PCR检测了BCR-ABL1 (p210)转录本,细胞遗传学分析证实了费城染色体的存在。患者被诊断为CP-CML,并开始使用达沙替尼140 mg/d和羟基脲1g/d治疗。

骨髓活检两天后,患者报告手术部位左髋关节明显疼痛和肿胀。CT扫描显示一个不对称的大软组织血肿,延伸至颅底11厘米(图1)。患者仅接受1剂量达沙替尼后,进行了血肿的影像学确认。次日,患者PICC置线处出现右上臂肿胀。上肢超声示血肿2个,7.5 cm。和6.3厘米。分别在以前和现在的静脉注射接入点。否认既往异常出血病史,2010年、2014年两次大手术均无出血并发症。抽血进行vWF检测和凝血因子试验后,最初怀疑获得性vWD,给予20单位冷沉淀。患者随后出现呼吸窘迫的症状,并开始进行白细胞计数。

图1:病例1的腹部和骨盆CT扫描显示左侧髋关节肌肉组织不对称增大,软组织水肿,左侧髋关节肌肉组织细微聚集,颅腹向延伸11cm

结果显示血管性血友病因子抗原、活性及多因子均正常,凝血酶时间17.2秒(正常范围15-20),纤维蛋白原246 mg/dL(正常范围184-419),D二聚体5000 ng/mL(正常<500)。凝血因子分析显示FV、FII和FXI活性较低,FVIII、FIX、FX活性均在正常范围内,肝肾功能检查也在正常范围内。CML治疗后表现为WBC计数下降<100x103/mcL和FV水平上升到54%。整个住院期间出血停止,血肿保持稳定,无需栓塞或引流。

案例2:

26岁男性,入院前两周报告轻微跌倒,有两周进行性左下肢肿胀和左臀部明显疼痛的病史。在社区医院发现有明显的高白细胞和严重贫血,转到研究团队医院进一步评估和治疗。入院时,白细胞507.5x103 /mcL,血红蛋白6.7 g/dL,血小板计数398x103 /mcL。骨髓活检显示骨髓和巨核细胞增生伴粒细胞成熟左移,1-2%的成髓细胞。核型分析显示46XY, t(9;22), PCR证实存在BCR-ABL1 (p210)转录本。患者被诊断为CP-CML,每天服用达沙替尼100 mg,同时服用羟基脲2 g,每天两次。

双下肢CT血管造影显示左股直肌内大血肿,大小为12x7x30cm。左侧臀大肌内血肿5.2x2.1x9.5 cm(图2)。凝血试验显示PT延长(16.6秒;正常范围11.7-13.6)和PTT(40.3秒;正常范围25.4 - 34.5)。患者也出现缺氧和心动过速,并为可能出现的肺白细胞凝集开始进行白细胞分离,患者耐受良好。手术后白细胞计数降至366.5x103 /mcL。

图2:病例2双下肢CT扫描,显示左侧股直肌内约12 x 7 x 30 cm大的肌内血肿

由于担心可能获得性vWD,患者接受了冷沉淀,但也接受了FFP和血小板输血。手术小组继续切开并引流左大腿血肿,引流约500毫升血液。给予FFP、氨甲环酸和几个单位的填充红细胞。从入院当天开始对凝血功能的调查显示,血管性血友病因子活性为137%(正常范围50-158),vWF:Ag为136%(正常范围50-160),多因素分析正常。对PT和PTT的混合研究没有显示凝血因子抑制剂的证据。凝血因子检测显示FV(37%,正常范围70-120)、FII(46%,正常范围70-120)和FXI(54%,正常范围60-150)活性低,FX水平低(70%,正常范围70-120),FVIII、FIX和纤维蛋白原均在正常范围内。D -二聚体为1650 ng/mL(正常<500)。在余下的住院过程中,不需要再输血。患者WBC计数降至18.2x103 /mcL,脾脏体积明显减小,患者服用达沙替尼出院。左下肢血肿的大小也有明显改善。

有趣的是,在这两例非常相似的患者中,诊断时不仅发现FV缺乏,而且发现低凝血酶原和轻度FXI缺乏,这两例患者在轻微创伤后都有深组织出血,就诊时白细胞计数非常高。目前尚不清楚这些患者FV、FII和FXI缺乏的原因;然而,可能某些凝血蛋白在极端白细胞增多时比其他凝血蛋白更容易被消耗,类似于FXIII缺乏症。尽管没有后续凝血试验的完整结果,但研究团队观察到在这两例中,细胞减少治疗似乎对出血有反应,并注意到FV活性的增加。

总之,研究团队此次报告的2例伴有极端白细胞增多的慢性粒细胞白血病患者,其凝血功能缺陷与V、II和XI因子类似,表现为深部组织大面积出血,这似乎对原发疾病的细胞减少治疗有反应。他们认为,这对这些患者有重要的治疗意义,因为可能需要更积极的细胞减少,以及在初次症状出现后尽快对凝血因子进行更积极的纠正。

原始出处:

Li Z, Peng L, Li Y, Zhang J, Jiang Q. Lower tumor burden is associated with better cognitive function in patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2022 May 11:1-12. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2070912. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35543618.

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    2023-01-08 changfy
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    2023-02-02 windight
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    2022-05-16 fengyi812

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