前沿研究揭示,为何地中海饮食是孕妇的不二选择

2022-04-24 生物探索 生物探索

地中海饮食是一种特殊的饮食方式,因流行于地中海沿岸国家而得名。既往研究发现地中海饮食因食物中富含不饱和脂肪酸,可以降低适用人群患心脏病、心脏病、中风和糖尿病的等风险等等。

根据U.S. News and World Report发布的年度最佳饮食榜单,地中海饮食已连续四年位居全球最佳饮食榜首。在2021年的榜单中,地中海饮食法再度蝉联「最佳饮食榜单」冠军,甚至在最佳糖尿病饮食、最佳心脏病饮食、最容易遵循的健康饮食等8个榜单中共取得6项榜首[1]

地中海饮食强调多吃坚果、橄榄油、果蔬、鱼类、非精制谷物、豆类等食物,认为橄榄油应作为脂肪的主要来源,而乳制品、鸡蛋、红肉只能少量或适量食用,红酒可适量饮用。关于地中海饮食的金字塔结构,请参考下图(图1)。

图片

1 地中海饮食金字塔(图源:[1]

在怀孕期间,遵循此种饮食习惯有可能对母婴都相当有益,目前多项研究已给出相应的分析与数据支撑。

JAHA:孕期坚持地中海饮食

先兆子痫几率可降低22%

先兆子痫(Pre-eclampsia)是一种多器官综合征,主要临床表现为孕期持续出现的高血压,同时伴有眩晕、眼花、呕吐、恶心等症状。先兆子痫是全球第二大孕产妇死亡原因,对孕产妇和胎儿都有较多危害,严重者会导致脑出血、心力衰竭、产后大出血、肝肾衰竭等多种并发症;如病情控制不及时,会直接影响胎儿的生长发育,增加患者流产、早产或者是胎死腹中的发生几率。

420日,一项题为“Mediterranean-StyleDiet and Risk of Preeclampsia by Race in the Boston Birth Cohort”的研究发现孕期坚持地中海饮食,罹患先兆子痫的几率可降低20%(图2[2],该研究发表在Journal of the American Heart AssociationJAHA)上。

研究人员分析了1998年至2016年间在波士顿医疗中心分娩的8507名孕妇的数据(波士顿医疗中心主要治疗低收入和少数民族人口),近一半的参与者为黑人孕妇,占比47%;西班牙裔占比28%,其余为白人或其他种族。在8507个样本中,近10%的参与者(848名)患有先兆子痫。

图片

2 研究成果(图源:[2]

研究人员通过产后24-72小时的访谈和食物频度问卷获得产妇的社会人口学和饮食数据;从医院的医疗记录获取了医生对既往状况和先兆子痫的诊断;通过食物频度问卷,以饮食习惯与地中海式饮食的密切程度为标准,得出地中海式饮食评分,并进行逻辑回归分析地中海式饮食评分与先兆子痫之间的关系。

研究结果

1、对地中海式饮食依从性较高的自我报告与较低的先兆子痫几率相关,那些在怀孕时遵循地中海式饮食的女性患先兆子痫的可能性显著降低;

2、与所有其他更能坚持地中海饮食的非黑人女性相比,黑人女性的地中海饮食得分最低,患先兆子痫的风险高78%

3、遵循地中海式饮食的女性患先兆子痫的可能性降低了22%;黑人女性遵循这种饮食的益处更大,风险降幅为26%

来自约翰霍普金斯大学的通讯作者AnumS Minhas博士表示:在怀孕期间遵循健康饮食习惯尤其重要,因为它会影响到孕产妇未来的心血管健康以及婴儿健康。此外,女性应该终生坚持水果、蔬菜和豆类均衡的饮食习惯,定期加强锻炼。

PLOS Medicine:地中海饮食

有助降低孕妇糖尿病风险

既往研究表明,有肥胖、慢性高血压等风险因素的孕妇在妊娠期容患上糖尿病。

2019723日,英国伦敦大学玛丽皇后学院等机构研究人员在PLOS Medicine杂志上的一项临床试验表明,怀孕期间简单的地中海式饮食并不能降低母体和后代并发症的风险,但有可能降低怀孕期间体重增加和妊娠期糖尿病的风险(图3[3]

图片

3 研究成果(图源:[3]

2014年至2016年间,研究人员招募了英国五个产科医院1252名存在代谢危险(包括肥胖和慢性高血压)的孕妇。

这些孕妇被随机分为两组,其中一组采取地中海饮食,减少了红肉、黄油、奶油的摄入,同时避免摄入含糖饮料、快餐和富含动物脂肪的食物,此外还获得补充混合坚果(30/天核桃、榛子和杏仁)和特级初榨橄榄油(0-5/周)作为烹饪脂肪的主要来源;对照组则照常饮食,在怀孕182028周时接受了常规个性化的饮食建议。

结果显示,与对照组相比,地中海饮食组女性在孕期的增重减少约大约1.25千克,患妊娠期糖尿病的风险降低了35%。研究人员表示,分析的结果显示,对于妊娠期糖尿病而言,这种饮食方式具备降低发病风险的效果。

作为一种日益受欢迎的饮食模式,地中海饮食在预防心血管疾病方面的健康益处得到了广泛认可。鉴于地中海减脂、预防疾病效果尤佳,建议孕妇群体应多多关注,积极践行。

参考资料:

[1]https://www.usnews.com/

[2]Minhas AS, Hong X, Wang G, et al. Mediterranean-Style Diet and Risk of Preeclampsia by Race in the Boston Birth Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Apr 20:e022589. doi:10.1161/JAHA.121.022589. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35441523.

[3]HAl Wattar B, Dodds J, Placzek A, et al. ESTEEM study group. Mediterranean-style diet in pregnant women with metabolic risk factors (ESTEEM): A pragmatic multicentre randomised trial. PLoS Med. 2019 Jul 23;16(7):e1002857. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002857.PMID: 31335871; PMCID: PMC6650045.

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    2022-04-28 145c4511m52暂无昵称

    地中海饮食

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    2022-04-26 ms2000000135324314

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    2022-04-26 wgx311
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