Curr Biol:扎心!胖子很难通过运动减肥!

2022-01-24 四五七 MedSci原创

凭本事消耗的热量,怎么打折了呢?

“管住嘴,迈开腿”似乎是减肥届颠不破的真理,WHO建议BMI≥25或30的超重和肥胖人群定期进行体育锻炼来达到减肥的目的,儿童每天锻炼60分钟,成人每周锻炼150分钟。

现有的减重指南也提到成年人在减肥时,需要每天通过运动+减少食物摄入的方式来消耗500-600千卡的热量,其中运动消耗就要达到300千卡。

然而,一个令人扎心的事实是:通过运动消耗的能量,其中有28%被抵消了,真正消耗的能量,就只有剩下的72%,凭本事消耗的热量,一下子就给打七折,这是怎么回事呢?

要解答这个问题,首先需要了解能量补偿(energy compensation)的概念,人一天的总能耗主要是由基础代谢和日常活动消耗构成,当日常活动消耗过多,为了维持体内能量平衡,基础代谢消耗的能量就会减少,也就是说,辛辛苦苦跑步虽然增加了100千卡的热量消耗(+100),但是基础代谢却减少了28千卡的热量消耗(-28),综合下来,今天的总能耗仅多增加了72千卡。

至于能量补偿机制为什么在进化中被保留下来,大概是因为在吃不饱的年代里,这种机制能够最大限度减少我们对食物的需求,同时降低外出觅食遭遇风险的可能。当有一天人类竟然需要为吃得多而烦恼时,这种机制就有点拖后腿了。

前不久,中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院的首席科学家John Roger Speakman团队联合国际团队在 Cell 子刊 Current Biology 上发表了题为:Energy compensation and adiposity in humans的研究论文,揭示了更令人扎心的事实:越胖的人能量补偿就越多,想通过运动减肥也更难了(胖子:我太难了)

图片

研究一共纳入了1754名参与者,包括692名男性及1062名女性,年龄跨度为18-96岁,BMI跨度为12.5-61.7kg/m2(平均BMI:25.2)

图片

图注:总能耗(TEE)=日常活动消耗(AEE)+食物产热效应+基础代谢(BEE)

在现代化的生活模式下——没有繁重的体力劳动和长期的食物短缺,参与者每天的总能耗和基础代谢成正比,日常活动消耗与基础代谢成反比(斜率b±SE=-0.349 ± 0.044, p <0.0001,95%CI: -0.436~-0.262),也就是说,日常活动消耗越多,基础代谢就越少,两者之间存在能量补偿。

图片

图注:A总能耗与基础代谢的关系,B日常活动消耗与基础代谢的关系

并且,这种能量补偿在性别、年龄上并无差异,但是却和BMI息息相关,BMI越大,能量补偿越多,BMI在人群第10百分位以下的人,能量补偿为27.7%,BMI在人群第90百分位以上的人,能量补偿为49.2%,就相当于:肥胖者通过运动消耗100千卡的热量有49千卡在基础代谢中被节约回来了。

图片

本文通讯作者Speakman表示,这对肥胖者来说可能是一个“扎心”的结论。这意味着,肥胖的人想要通过运动来减肥可能比瘦人更难。相反,尽管瘦的人的减肥意愿低,可他们的补偿效应却少得多。

了解能量补偿有利于针对不同人群制定减肥策略,随着BMI的增长,运动减肥的效果可能会越来越差,但是目前的减肥指南里并没有提到这一点。

还有一点值得注意的是:基础代谢是维持人体各器官运转所需的能量消耗,当能量补偿降低了基础代谢,是否会对各器官功能造成影响,比如免疫功能下降、伤口恢复功能变差……这些问题还有待未来的研究解决。

不过减肥人士也不必过于悲观,“迈开腿”行不通,还有“管住嘴”,能量补偿也不是不运动的借口,适量运动能够减少冠心病、中风、糖尿病及多种癌症发病风险,预防痴呆,防止体重进一步增长,不然怎么说“生命在于运动”呢?

 

参考来源:

Careau V, Halsey LG, Pontzer H, et al. Energy compensation and adiposity in humans. Curr Biol. 2021;31(20):4659-4666.e2.

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    2022-04-26 sunylz
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1767892, encodeId=8d3b1e67892d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64f5343e2f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Biol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3437, encryptionId=64f5343e2f, topicName=Biol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=446937890434, createdName=12498ebem31暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Mar 08 19:03:53 CST 2022, time=2022-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1919381, encodeId=37961919381b7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f26341994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Bio#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Tue Apr 26 06:03:53 CST 2022, time=2022-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1217658, encodeId=c39f121e65890, content=能量补偿!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0e555127184, createdName=188*****210<手机用户>, createdTime=Sat May 07 16:34:18 CST 2022, time=2022-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1187818, encodeId=11e8118e818fd, content=太扎心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=02652902302, createdName=414104166, createdTime=Mon Jan 24 21:03:32 CST 2022, time=2022-01-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1245507, encodeId=8d50124550e7d, content=什么时候有懒人用的减肥神药?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Mon Jan 24 13:03:53 CST 2022, time=2022-01-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-07 188*****210<手机用户>

    能量补偿!

    0

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    2022-01-24 414104166

    太扎心

    0

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    2022-01-24 CHANGE

    什么时候有懒人用的减肥神药?

    0

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