BRAIN:血浆生物标志物可用于诊断和预测阿尔茨海默病

2022-04-12 影像小生 MedSci原创

血浆生物标志物只能在其他遗传和/或临床信息的背景下,成为评估和预测阿尔茨海默病的有用工具

阿尔茨海默病是最大的健康挑战之一,影响着全世界数千万人。然而,这种疾病的临床诊断往往是不准确的;在临床阿尔茨海默氏症患者中,约有25%的人在尸检时没有潜在的病理变化,而在尚未发病的阿尔茨海默氏症型痴呆患者中,也有很多人有随着年龄增长而增加的早期病理变化。如何消除其影响和进一步了解这种毁灭性疾病至关重要。

通过早期诊断,我们可以更好地了解疾病的进展,更早地计划和实施治疗,并监测对目前正在试验的药物的反应。阿尔茨海默病相关病理的血浆生物标志物在过去几年中经历了快速发展,现在有经过充分验证的淀粉样蛋白和 tau 病理以及神经变性和星形胶质细胞激活的血液检测。

为了用生物标志物而不是临床评估来定义阿尔茨海默病,Joshua Stevenson-Hoare等使用这些生物标志物评估了对研究诊断疾病状态的预测,并测试了与生物标志物相关的遗传变异,这些变异可能更准确地反映生化定义的阿尔茨海默病的风险,而不是痴呆的风险。该研究结果发表在BRAIN杂志。

搞研究包括阿尔茨海默病病例(N=1439,平均年龄 68 岁 [SD=8.2])和筛选对照(N=508,平均年龄 82 岁 [SD=6.8])两组,使用最先进的单分子阵列(Simoa)技术测量了血浆Aβ40和Aβ42、P-tau181、神经丝轻链(NfL)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的浓度。测试了生物标志物与阿尔茨海默病遗传风险、发病年龄和疾病持续时间之间的关系。还对疾病风险基因与这些生物标志物的关联进行了全基因组关联研究。

  1. 所有生物标志物、APOE和多基因风险评分对阿尔茨海默病临床诊断的综合预测准确性达到AUC=0.81,其中最显着的贡献者是ε4、Aβ40或Aβ42、GFAP和NfL。
  2. 在病例和对照中,所有生物标志物都与年龄显着相关(p<4.3x10-5)。
  3. 与对照组相比,血浆中 Aβ 相关生物标志物的浓度显着低于对照组,而其他生物标志物水平则显着高于对照组。
  4. 在病例对照全基因组分析中,APOE-ε4 与除 NfL 之外的所有生物标志物相关(p=0.011-4.78x10-8)。

患者组(A)和对照组(B)中生物标志物之间的Pearson相关结果

患者组与Aβ42/Aβ40相关的全基因组显著区域

在病例对照设计中未发现新的全基因组显着 SNP;然而,个案分析发现 Aβ42/Aβ40 比率与 WWOX 和 COPG2 基因之间存在两个独立的全基因组显着关联。

通过所有生物标志物组合的疾病预测模型表明,归因于 P-tau181 的变异主要被 APOE-ε4 捕获,而 Aβ40、Aβ42、GFAP 和 NfL 生物标志物解释了 APOE 之上的额外变异。该研究发现了与Aβ42/Aβ40比值相关的新的可信的基因组显著基因。

该研究结果表明,目前可用的血浆生物标志物反映了阿尔茨海默病的不同方面,其中一些与衰老以及疾病的特定特征有关,而另一些则与疾病进展机制相关基于生物标志物的诊断并不完美,因为老年对照组的生物标志物测量结果与年轻的临床诊断阿尔茨海默氏症病例相似(这可能代表老年对照组临床前阿尔茨海默氏症变化的患病率增加)。

然而,与临床评估相比,生物标记物具有特异性的优势因为临床评估可能会由于表型相似性而混淆痴呆亚型。因此,血浆生物标志物只能在其他遗传和/或临床信息的背景下,成为评估和预测阿尔茨海默病的有用工具生物标记物本身可能为阿尔茨海默病提供更准确的预测,这一想法仍有待充分验证。纵向研究结合遗传学、血浆生物标志物、脑成像和病理确认来区分病例和对照,可以提供准确的分析,从预测痴呆症转向预测阿尔茨海默病。

 

原文出处

Joshua Stevenson-Hoare, Amanda Heslegrave, Ganna Leonenko, Dina Fathalla, Eftychia Bellou, Lauren Luckcuck, Rachel Marshall, Rebecca Sims, Bryan Paul Morgan, John Hardy, Bart de Strooper, Julie Williams, Henrik Zetterberg, Valentina Escott-Price, Plasma biomarkers and genetics in the diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer’s disease, Brain, 2022;, awac128, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac128.

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