CT诊断肺结核宝典:这是我见过的理想的经验总结!

2021-11-10 华夏影响诊断中心 华夏影响诊断中心

为什么经验丰富的医生一看CT就知道是肺结核?因为肺结核的CT很有特点!

为什么经验丰富的医生一看CT就知道是肺结核?因为肺结核的CT很有特点!

 

之前看过很多书,比如第七版内科学这样描述肺结核影像学:肺结核病影像特点是病变多发生在上叶的尖后段和下叶的背段,密度不均匀、边缘较清楚和变化较慢,易形成空洞和播散病灶。
很多书对于肺结核CT特点的描述,太笼统,或者完全是一堆枯燥无味的文字,缺乏图片,对于初学者,看完之后一头雾水。
读研究生的时候学肺结核CT,我也很困惑,直到看到张国桢等专家编写的《胸部CT鉴别诊断学》,我才恍然大悟,原来这就是肺结核!这本书对肺结核CT特点的描述,我认为是最经典、最浅显易懂的!
今天,我就结合这本书,还有我的经验,我管过的、抗酸阳性的肺结核病人,来总结一下肺结核的CT特点,并且结合大量经典图片,让大家快速学会如何利用CT诊断肺结核!
先说一句废话,CT只能看出来肺结核可能性很大,不是100%的诊断肺结核!
另外,今天只讲典型的肺结核,特殊的肺结核,比如有些肺结核像间质性肺炎,或者巨大的结核球等等这些不典型的、特殊的、奇葩肺结核,今天不讲,因为特殊的肺结核很多只有肺活检才能诊断,从CT上高手亦很难看出来!
简单一句话,肺结核的CT特点:三多三少(多灶性、多态性、多钙化性、少肿块性、少结节堆聚性、少增强性)。
我把肺结核的CT特点概括为:

 

1、好发部位

 

肺结核好发于上叶的尖后段和下叶的背段这是肺结核最基本的特点!

 

为什么结核容易长在这些地方,目前没有公认的理由。

 

可能因为人直立时,这些部位的血压相对低, 血液循环差,巨噬细胞减少,导致局部抵抗力低。并且,这些部位氧气多,结核是需氧菌,在上叶的尖后段和下叶的背段聚集,正所谓占尽天时地利。

 

 

2、病灶多形态

 

很多结核,特别是典型的肺结核,往往是很多种形态。大叶性肺炎,表现为斑片状阴影;肺癌,表现为肿块,或者结节;金葡菌肺炎,常出现空洞。

 

但是,肺结核常常有条索状阴影,有大小不等的结节,有空洞,有实变,有大小不等的斑片状阴影等,多种形态的病灶混合在一起!

 

 

下图是普通细菌引起的小叶性肺炎,病灶形态单一。

 

 

3、多部位

 

早期肿瘤、大叶性肺炎等,常常局限在某一个肺叶生长。但是,肺结核的本质就像资本主义,喜欢到处扩张地盘,就像美国,恨不得这个太阳系都是他家的!很多典型的肺结核常常侵犯多个肺叶或者肺段

 

 

4、常有结节

 

肺结核,其中“结”字,反映在CT上就是常常有大小不等的多发结节!个人发现,肺结核的CT很少没有结节的!如上图。

并且,肺结核多发的结节,一般偏小。假如结节偏大,分布不均匀,则要考虑转移性肺癌。

 

 

5、结节一般不会堆积在一起

 

肺结核的光棍特征,肺结核虽然子满天下,但是不像肿瘤喜欢同性恋(多个结节堆积在一起),肺结核的小结节常常分散在两肺,各玩各的,各自为政!

 

 

6、少肿块

 

肺结核很少形成肿块!假如一个肿块,肺穿刺活检提示肉芽肿,也不要轻易诊断肺结核,而要考虑肺癌。

 

以前遇到一个病人,一大个肿块,穿刺病理肉芽肿,再次穿刺:肺癌。除非病理报干酪性坏死,要不然,肿块不要轻易诊断肺结核,那是肺癌的特色。

 

7、少增强

 

肺结核因为干酪性坏死,增强CT强化一般不明显!但是,有些肺结核在增殖阶段,生长活跃,没有形成明显坏死,有可能显著增强。

 

这个要综合考虑。但是大多数肺结核增强一般不会显著强化。肺癌生长需要血供,常常显著强化。

 

无强化:强化CT值<10Hu;轻度强化:强化CT值达10~20Hu;中度强化:强化CT值达20~30Hu;重度强化:强化CT值≥30Hu。

也有学者这样分类:轻度强化:CT值上升<20HU;中度强化(CT值上升20~40HU),明显强化(CT值上升>40HU)。

简单的说,就是增强CT上,病灶越白,强化也明显,肿瘤、一般细菌感染引起炎性结节常常明显强化,肺结核强化不明显。

 

 

上图是肺结核增强CT,病灶几乎无强化,和下面差别很大。

 

 

8、多钙化

 

肺结核生长缓慢,容易形成钙化!虽然很多疾病,包括肺癌也会钙化,但是肺结核钙化相对更常见!

 

9、病灶变化慢

 

传统的方法培养结核菌需要多久?大约2月!结核杆菌生长缓慢,肺结核一般病灶变化也很慢!

 

一般细菌如同撒尿,来也匆匆,去也匆匆!肺结核是瘟神,老年性痴呆!来也慢吞吞,去也慢腾腾。假如抗感染治疗,三五天病灶就吸收了大半,那几乎可以排除肺结核。

 

10、卫星病灶

 

肺结核的结节常常多发,不喜欢堆积,就算是一个结节,也要整个卫星病灶。就像官僚主义,出行总要带个卫兵,要不然没有面子!

 

 

11、肺结核空洞光滑,壁薄

 

肺结核喜欢在光滑的地板上摩擦!肺结核的空洞壁常很光滑,典型的光滑且壁薄。肺癌空洞则壁厚,且乱糟糟的。

 

 

12、结核毁损肺

 

毁损肺,就是肺废掉了,肺烂掉、几乎没有功能了。在中国等等非发达国家,毁损肺大多数是肺结核造成的。结核毁一生。

 

摄影穷三代,单反毁一生!考古穷三代,盗墓毁一生。甚至还有人说:清华毁一生,北大穷三代。来来来,你来读云南大学,让我来读北大穷三代。

 

 

13、结核容易沿着支气管播散

 

结核的特点之一便是沿着支气管播散,在支气管周围形成密密麻麻的小结节,在外周小支气管播散形成树芽征。虽然其他疾病也会这样,但是结核相对更常见。

 

 

所谓结核沿着支气管播散,简单的说就是病灶大部分都分布在支气管周围

 

 

下图是我在肺部影像联盟看到的一个特殊空洞,支气管进入空洞,提示结核,我把它也理解为结核沿着支气管播散的一个情况。

 

 

下面,再举例十二个病人的肺CT图像详细解读

 

病例一:

 

 

结核,为什么?

 

1.病灶在结核好发部位(尖后段、背段);

 

2.病灶形态多样,有空洞,有小结节,有斑片影;

 

3.空洞壁光滑;

 

4.病灶分布广,上叶尖后段、下叶背段都有;

 

5.增强CT,病灶无明显强化。

 

结果:抗酸杆菌阳性,抗结核治疗病情好转。

 

病例二:

 

纵膈窗提示钙化

 

结核,为什么?

 

1.左肺:毁损肺;

 

2.右肺病灶在结核好发部位(尖后段);

 

3.有小结节,且沿着支气管播散;

 

4.有钙化。

 

结果:抗酸杆菌阳性,抗结核治疗,症状好转。毁损肺,依旧毁损。

 

病例三:

 

 

结核,为什么?

 

1.病灶在结核好发部位(尖后段、背段);

 

2.病灶形态多样,有空洞,有小结节,有实变;

 

3.空洞壁光滑;

 

4.病灶分布广,上叶、下叶背段都有。

 

结果:抗酸杆菌阳性,抗结核治疗病情好转。

 

病例四:

 

 

结核可能性很大,为什么?

 

1.病灶在结核好发部位(尖后段);

 

2.病灶形态多样,有条索影,有小结节;

 

3.小结节沿着支气管播散;

 

4.病灶分布广,左肺右肺都有。

 

结果:抗酸杆菌阳性,抗结核治疗病情好转。

 

病例五:

 

增强CT:强化不明显,有钙化

 

结核可能性很大,为什么?

 

1.病灶在结核好发部位(尖后段、背段);

 

2.病灶形态多样,有空洞,有小结节,有斑片影;

 

3.空洞壁光滑;

 

4.病灶分布广,上叶尖后段、下叶背段都有;

 

5.增强CT,病灶无明显强化;

 

6.空洞有钙化。

 

结果:抗酸杆菌阳性,抗结核治疗病情好转。

 

病例六:

 

空洞,多发结节影

 

病灶多发,沿着支气管分布

 

病灶多发,像满天烟花

 

结核可能性很大,为什么?

 

1.病灶双肺多发;

 

2.病灶形态多样,有空洞,有结节影;

 

3.部分病灶很明显的沿着支气管播散。

 

结果:抗酸杆菌阳性,抗结核治疗病情好转。

 

病例七:

 

 

结核可能性很大,为什么?

 

1.双肺粟粒状结节,分布均匀,结节小;

 

2.未见肿块;

 

3.无粉尘接触史,基本排除尘肺;

 

4.无明显其他器官癌症依据,转移性肺癌可能性不大;

 

5.高热,支持感染性疾病。

 

结果:抗结核治疗病情好转。

病例八:

 

 

结核,为什么?

 

尖段结节,周围卫星病灶。

 

病例九:

 

 

淋巴结结核,为什么?

 

结核中心干酪样坏死,不强化,外周强化,形成环形强化。

 

病例十:

 

 

假如这个是儿童的CT,则诊断什么?

 

肺结核,原发综合征。

 

为什么?

 

因为儿童的肺结核,常表现为斑片状阴影,同时伴有肺门淋巴结肿大,在胸片上表现为哑铃状。

 

 

病例十一:

 

 

假如上图是年轻人,考虑什么?

 

在中国等非发达国家,结核很常见。

 

假如年轻人,单侧胸腔积液,没有肺炎,一般都是结核。

 

假如胸水为渗出液,ADA升高,则几乎都是结核性胸膜炎。

 

病例十二:

 

结核球病例的文献,图太难看。再来一个我管过的病人。

 

患者30岁,既往患“胸膜炎”,具体不详。胸痛1月,其余正常。

 

 

首选按普通感染治疗,抗感染治疗2周,病灶无明显好转。肺穿刺:肉芽肿。抗结核治疗2月,完全吸收。妥妥的结核球。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1214014, encodeId=be34121401434, content=喜欢这种学习方式。顶!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=16bf8132141, createdName=ms1000001292752284, createdTime=Mon Apr 25 01:26:45 CST 2022, time=2022-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069990, encodeId=b8bb106999096, content=学习到很多,感谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cbcd5675699, createdName=moyanju2796, createdTime=Sat Nov 13 21:41:56 CST 2021, time=2021-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1254417, encodeId=3dbb125441eb4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Fri Nov 12 08:33:27 CST 2021, time=2021-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069205, encodeId=7bcb106920597, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e225437078, createdName=ms1000001967902597, createdTime=Thu Nov 11 09:53:05 CST 2021, time=2021-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069196, encodeId=4437106919642, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d7c1341677, createdName=50277, createdTime=Thu Nov 11 09:15:52 CST 2021, time=2021-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069180, encodeId=2825106918052, content=实了取栓治疗在前循环大血管闭塞性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Thu Nov 11 08:07:15 CST 2021, time=2021-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069027, encodeId=b86c106902e60, content=好文章,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJlfgys76DEiaNtbYo2re3ibjrUPTRibEXRyFwAB4aAGiave842S0FQDf0wAoaH226NiaSoPPDzhndsf1g/132, createdBy=88b489038, createdName=yangchou, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 17:44:03 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-25 ms1000001292752284

    喜欢这种学习方式。顶!

    0

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    2021-11-13 moyanju2796

    学习到很多,感谢分享。

    0

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    2021-11-11 ms1000001967902597

    学到了

    0

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    2021-11-11 50277

    学习了

    0

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    2021-11-11 查查佳佳

    实了取栓治疗在前循环大血管闭塞性

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1214014, encodeId=be34121401434, content=喜欢这种学习方式。顶!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=16bf8132141, createdName=ms1000001292752284, createdTime=Mon Apr 25 01:26:45 CST 2022, time=2022-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069990, encodeId=b8bb106999096, content=学习到很多,感谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cbcd5675699, createdName=moyanju2796, createdTime=Sat Nov 13 21:41:56 CST 2021, time=2021-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1254417, encodeId=3dbb125441eb4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Fri Nov 12 08:33:27 CST 2021, time=2021-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069205, encodeId=7bcb106920597, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e225437078, createdName=ms1000001967902597, createdTime=Thu Nov 11 09:53:05 CST 2021, time=2021-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069196, encodeId=4437106919642, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d7c1341677, createdName=50277, createdTime=Thu Nov 11 09:15:52 CST 2021, time=2021-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069180, encodeId=2825106918052, content=实了取栓治疗在前循环大血管闭塞性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Thu Nov 11 08:07:15 CST 2021, time=2021-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069027, encodeId=b86c106902e60, content=好文章,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJlfgys76DEiaNtbYo2re3ibjrUPTRibEXRyFwAB4aAGiave842S0FQDf0wAoaH226NiaSoPPDzhndsf1g/132, createdBy=88b489038, createdName=yangchou, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 17:44:03 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-10 yangchou

    好文章,谢谢分享。

    0

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