Science:又是魔剪CRISPR!首次揭秘“环状RNA”与大脑功能有关

2017-08-15 Chen 生物探索

环状RNA是RNA领域最新的研究热点,但它们在活体内的功能一直是一个谜。日前,发表在《科学》杂志上的一项突破成果首次将环状RNA与大脑功能联系起来。值得一提的是,几乎无所不能的魔剪CRISPR又在其中发挥了重要作用。

环状RNA是RNA领域最新的研究热点,但它们在活体内的功能一直是一个谜。日前,发表在《科学》杂志上的一项突破成果首次将环状RNA与大脑功能联系起来。值得一提的是,几乎无所不能的魔剪CRISPR又在其中发挥了重要作用。


CLIVEWA/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM

近年来,环状RNA(Circular RNAs,circRNAs)越来越受到科学界的关注,但它们在活体内的功能一直是一个谜。8月10日,发表在Science杂志上题为“Loss of a mammalian circular RNA locus causes miRNA deregulation and affects brain function”的研究报道了一种称为Cdr1as的环状RNA能够调节哺乳动物大脑中的microRNA水平。删除Cdr1as会导致小鼠出现异常的神经元活动和行为障碍。

这是科学家们首次将环状RNA与大脑功能联系起来。德国Max Delbrück分子医学中心的Nikolaus Rajewsky教授是该研究的通讯作者。


图片来源:Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)

1.2013年的1篇Nature

RNA不仅仅是DNA和其编码蛋白质之间的普通信使。事实上,生物体内有多种非编码RNA分子存在。环状RNA是一类特殊的非编码RNA分子,也是RNA领域最新的研究热点。与传统的线性RNA(linear RNA)不同,环状RNA分子呈封闭环状结构。环状RNA曾经被认为是基因表达错误的结果,现在已确定有数百种环状RNA在生物体内特异性表达。

其中,Cdr1as是在哺乳动物大脑中高表达的一种环状RNA。早在2013年2月,Rajewsky教授和他的同事们在Nature杂志上发表了一篇题为“Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency”的论文。该研究发现,Cdr1as具有充当microRNA“海绵”(sponge)的潜能。它具有超过60个miR-7(一种microRNA)的结合位点。不过,这种“海绵”的作用还不清楚。

事实上,Cdr1as也是不同寻常的,因为它是从DNA的反义链中转录而来,没有良好表达的线性等价物(it has no well-expressed linear equivalent)。这一特征使得研究人员能够利用包括CRISPR-Cas9在内的DNA编辑工具开展Cdr1as相关的功能缺失分析。

2.最新Science发现了什么?

在最新发表的这篇Science论文中,Rajewsky教授和他的同事们首次利用了他们先前开发的一种技术。该技术之前是用于检测体内microRNAs和其它分子的相互作用。

利用小鼠和人类死后的大脑,研究小组发现,miR-7和另一种microRNA——miR-671都能与Cdr1as结合。

接下来,研究人员利用基因组编辑技术CRISPR-Cas9选择性删除了小鼠中的Cdr1as基因。在这些突变小鼠中,大部分microRNAs的表达在被研究的4个大脑区域中没有受到干扰。然而,研究小组检测到,miR-7的水平下调了,miR-671的水平上调了。

由于microRNAs在调节信使RNA方面起着重要作用(microRNAs是一类短的RNA分子,通常与信使RNA的互补序列结合,因而控制特异性蛋白的表达),研究人员接着开始调查在Cdr1as缺陷型动物中的基因表达变化情况。结果发现,Cdr1as敲除小鼠中与大脑活性相关的一组称为“即刻早期基因”(immediate early genes,如Fos)的基因的表达发生了变化。这些基因很多已经被鉴定为是miR-7的靶标。

Rajewsky教授说:“我们已经知道,即刻早期基因的上调通常是神经元活动的标志。在Cdr1as基因敲除小鼠的大脑中,非常清晰的是,这类基因表达上调了。”

与基因表达变化一致的是,研究人员发现,突变小鼠确实表现出了神经元活动的异常。此外,对神经元的单细胞分析显示,与对照组相比,基因敲除小鼠出现了两倍以上微型兴奋突触后电流(miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents,神经传递中断的信号)的发生频率。


Circular RNA can impact normal brain function. Credit: The circular RNA biology Training Network (circRTrain), MDC.

最后,研究小组进行了一系列实验,用以寻找cdr1as缺陷带来的行为后果(behavioral consequences)。虽然基因敲除小鼠表现出了正常的焦虑水平,且并没有明显的记忆缺陷,但研究人员发现,这些携带突变的小鼠在前脉冲抑制实验(prepulse inhibition experiment)中表现不佳。这类实验是测定动物抑制对厌恶刺激物(如突然的巨大声响)惊吓反应的能力。

Rajewsky教授解释道:“这是一种防止你在嘈杂环境中崩溃的机制。人类中这种机制受损往往与神经精神病学障碍有关,如精神分裂症、Tourette综合征等。”这一发现暗示了Cdr1as在行为方面的“终极作用”。

3.其他科学家点评

未参与该研究的布兰迪斯大学的神经学家Sebastian Kadener说:“很少有论文能够真正称得上是一项突破,但这篇论文是真的令人兴奋:它首次证明了环状RNA在动物体内的功能。”

此外,斯坦福大学的RNA研究者Julia Salzman认为,这是一项迷人且重要的研究,是该领域的一个重大进展。

4.总结

这一研究在结论中表明,环状RNA与miRNAs之间的相互作用对正常的大脑功能非常重要。接下来,除了调查Cdr1as功能背后的机制,研究小组还将调查在上述基因敲除小鼠中表达下调的其它基因的影响。举例来说,在Cdr1as缺陷型小鼠中,某些昼夜节律基因的表达被改变了。

原始出处:

[1]Memczak S, Jens M, Elefsinioti A, et al. Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency. Nature. 2013 Mar 21.

[2]Piwecka M,, Glažar P, Hernandez-Miranda LR, et al. Loss of a mammalian circular RNA locus causes miRNA deregulation and affects brain function. Science. 2017 Aug 10. 

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    2017-08-17 yuandd
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    2017-08-17 jichang
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    2017-08-15 医门一介书生

    很有启示意义的文章

    0

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    2017-08-15 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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