Lancet Public Health:长期酗酒增加老年痴呆症风险? 内附自我测评标准

2018-02-21 知社 知社学术圈

2月21日在《柳叶刀公共卫生》在线发表了一项法国全国范围的观察性研究。研究发现,酒精使用障碍(文末附诊断标准)是所有不同类型痴呆症发病(尤其是早发性痴呆)的主要风险因素。

2月21日在《柳叶刀公共卫生》在线发表了一项法国全国范围的观察性研究。研究发现,酒精使用障碍(文末附诊断标准)是所有不同类型痴呆症发病(尤其是早发性痴呆)的主要风险因素。

以往,关于酒精对认知健康的影响的研究结论并不一致:一些研究表明轻度至中度饮酒或许有益健康,一些研究则发现酗酒会增加痴呆症患病风险。世界卫生组织(WHO)将酗酒(长期大量饮酒)定义为:男性每天饮用超过60g的纯酒精,女性每天饮用超过40g纯酒精。

这项研究专门研究了酒精使用障碍对健康的影响,包括已确诊的精神和行为障碍患者,以及酒精损伤所致的慢性病患者。该研究使用了法国国家医院出院数据库的数据,包含所有住院患者的详细信息:人口统计资料、住院原因和接受治疗情况。该研究包括酒精相关性脑损伤、血管性痴呆或其他痴呆(包括阿尔茨海默病)的所有成年出院病人。在数据分析中,作者排除了患有罕见痴呆症和早期精神疾病的病人。

在2008年至2013年间,有3160万人出院,其中超过110万人被诊断为痴呆症并被纳入研究,86%的人存在酒精使用障碍(分为酒精滥用和酒精依赖两类),大多属于酒精依赖。研究数据显示,大约3%的痴呆病例可归因于酒精相关的脑损伤,近5%的痴呆病例存在其他酒精使用障碍。然而,在5.7万例早发性痴呆患者(65岁以下,占5%)中,这些数值有所增加,其中39%的病例归因于酒精相关的脑损伤,18%的病例存在其他酒精使用障碍。

由于本研究中发现的密切关联,作者建议应该进行筛查,针对酗酒的人群进行短期干预,对酒精使用障碍患者进行治疗,达到减少酒精引起的痴呆疾病发生。

总体而言,酒精使用障碍与各类痴呆症三倍风险的增加有关,也是与痴呆症发生最密切相关的可变风险因素。队列研究结果显示,6.2%的男性病例存在酒精使用障碍,而痴呆症男性中这一比例为16.5%。在女性病例中,这一数据分别为1.5%和4%。

当排除酒精相关的脑损伤这一因素,酒精使用障碍仍然与血管性痴呆和其他类型痴呆症两倍风险的增加有关。具体来说,6.2%的男性出院病例患有酒精使用障碍,而这一比例在血管性痴呆患者中为11.2%,在其他类型痴呆症患者中为9.8%;在女性病例中,这一数据分别为1.5%、3.1%和2.5%。

痴呆症发生的其他独立危险因素:吸烟、高血压糖尿病、受教育程度低、抑郁症和听力损伤,也全部与酒精使用障碍有关,表明酒精使用障碍或能从多方面增加痴呆症发病风险。这很可能与酒精导致脑组织结构和功能的永久性损伤有关,具体机制需要进一步研究。酒精使用障碍也增加高血压糖尿病、中风、心房颤动和心力衰竭的风险,这又可能增加血管性痴呆的风险。

这些研究结果表明,酒精使用障碍所致的痴呆症情况比之前认为的要严重得多。因此,酗酒是各类痴呆症发病的主要危险因素。社会需要采取多种措施缓解这一情况,比如,控制供应、增加税收、禁止广告和售酒,同时对酒精使用障碍尽早发现和治疗。

在论文中,作者指出了一些局限性,病例记录管理可能导致个人医疗信息被错误分类或丢失。此外,由于羞愧感,酒精使用障碍的患者比例有可能被低估,因为只有最严重的病例才被入院治疗。这些都可能意味着论文得出的关联性被低估。

英国埃克塞特大学医学院的Clive Ballard教授在相关评论中写道:“这项研究非常重要,强调了酒精使用障碍作为可变风险因素预防痴呆的可能性......这些证据是确凿有力的,为相关公共卫生管理政策提供了明确的信息。”

附录

2013年5月发布的美国及多个西方国家使用的《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》中,将两种饮酒失常状态——酒精滥用和酒精依赖——合并为一种诊断:酒精使用障碍。严重程度可分为轻度,中度或重度。手册中指出,如果在过去的12个月中遇到过以下某些症状,即被诊断患有酒精使用障碍:

●超过预计酒量,饮酒时间也变长。

●感觉无力减少酒量。

●由于过量饮酒导致病情延长。

●由于酒瘾而无法集中注意力。

●无力照顾家庭,工作和学习受到影响。

●与朋友或家人出现相关问题,仍然无法戒酒。

●参与重要活动的次数减少。

●出现饮酒所致的危险状况或有害状况。

●出现抑郁、焦虑、眩晕等健康问题,仍继续饮酒。

●由于对酒精的耐受性酒量变大。

●出现戒断症状。

如果至少两种症状出现,则表明存在酒精使用障碍。严重程度取决于出现症状的数量。

●轻微:两到三种症状

●中度:四至五种症状

●严重:六种以上症状

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    2018-08-08 shizhenshan
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    2018-03-07 howi
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    2018-09-15 Boyinsh
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    2018-02-21 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    长期酗酒.对大脑伤害大.

    0

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    2018-02-21 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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