JAMA:PSA筛检是否可以“一劳永逸”?

2018-03-12 慧语 肿瘤资讯

是否应当进行前列腺癌的筛检仍然存在很大争议:赞成者认为筛检能够降低死亡率、提高生活质量;反对者认为过度医疗带来的伤害远大于获益。

是否应当进行前列腺癌的筛检仍然存在很大争议:赞成者认为筛检能够降低死亡率、提高生活质量;反对者认为过度医疗带来的伤害远大于获益。

史上规模最大的一项前列腺癌筛检试验(CAP)力图探索以PSA检测为基础进行筛检的人群与未进行筛检的人群相比,死亡率是否存在差异。

背景:

全球各个国家针对“是否应进PSA为基础的前列腺癌筛查”指导意见不尽相同。欧洲(ERSPC,N=162243)、美国(PLCO,N=76693)的两项临床试验虽然样本量都很大,但仍未解决这个争论。目前英国不推荐进行PSA筛检;2017年美国的指导意见草案建议55~69岁男性在于医生充分探讨风险和获益之后,自行决定是否进行PSA筛检。

PLCO和ERSPC临床试验对患者第1、2、4年进行PSA检测。强度稍弱的检测,如更长时间间隔甚至一次性检测,虽然会减少人群筛检的频率,但是否还能够达到预期效果,尚不得而知。由此,开展了CAP临床试验,目的是为了评价低筛查强度(一次性)PSA筛检(干预组)与不进行筛检(对照组)前列腺癌致死率及全死因死亡率是否存在差异。本文报道该项临床试验在中位随访10年时的结果。 

方法:

本研究是一项基于初级医疗保健机构为单位的分层整群随机试验,分层因素是地区。2001至2009年期间,将99个区域的共计785个符合条件的初级医疗机构,随机分配到干预组(n=398)和对照组(n=387),最终同意参加研究的医疗机构包括干预组的271家(68%)和对照组的302家(78%)。各机构中邀请符合条件的受试者进行一次PSA检测,对于PSA结果高于3 ng/mL的受试者,还需要进行一次标准化的前列腺活检。

来自UK的573个初级医疗机构的419582名50~69岁的男性纳入了研究,排除有前列腺癌病史,或临时在机构登记的人员。随访截止日期是2016年3月31日。

结果:

在进行随机化的415357名受试对象中408825人(98%)纳入最终的分析,干预组189386人,对照组219439人。干预组中67313人(36%)接受了PSA检测并有64436人最终得到有效的PSA检测值。PSA水平在3 ~19.9ng/mL之间的受试者共有6857人(11%),其中5850人(85%)最终进行了前列腺活检。

在经历了中位随访时间为10年的随访后,干预组中共有549人(0.30/1000人年)死于前列腺癌,而对照组共有647人(0.31/1000人年)死于前列腺癌,死亡率差值为−0.013 /1000人年(95% CI, −0.047 ~ 0.022),相对危险度RR为0.96 (95%CI,0.85 ~1.08,P =0 .50)(图A)。在干预组被确诊为前列腺癌的人数较对照组高(4.3% vs. 3.6%,RR= 1.19 ,95%CI 1.14 ~1.25,P<0.001)(图B)。其主要原因是Gleason评分小于等于6分的患者中,干预组鉴别出较多前列腺癌患者(1.7% vs. 1.1%,率的差值为6.11,95%CI, 5.38 ~6.84,P<0.001)。全死因分析中,干预组和对照组死亡人数分别为25459人和28306人,RR为0.93 (95%CI,0.67 ~1.29,P =0 .66)。



图A  两组人群每1000人由前列腺癌累积死亡率的比较(中位随访时间10.03年)



图B  两组人群每1000人累积检出率的比较(中位随访时间9.82年)

结论:

在进行为期10年的随访后,发现干预人群即进行了PSA筛检的人群中死亡率与未进行筛检的人群未见显著差异,但低危险度的前列腺癌在进行筛检的人群中明显高于为进行筛查的人群。虽然更长时间的随访仍在进行中,但就目前的结果来看,尚不足以支持在人群中进行单次的PSA筛检。 

讨论:

CAP与欧洲ERSPC和美国PLCO两项研究最主要的差异在于:CAP仅对受试对象进行了1次PSA检测(低强度),而ERSPC和PCLO则进行了多次检测(高强度)。PSA是中低危的前列腺癌(Gleason评分低于6分)较为敏感预后指标,因而单次PSA检测容易鉴别出许多低危的前列腺癌患者(通常不需要进行诊断或治疗),但同时可能会漏检一些高危患者。

虽然CAP研究还将继续随访至少5年以上,以确定单次PSA筛检是否在更长的时间之后能够发生生存获益,但就当前的结果来看:对于前列腺癌的筛检不应该只根据一次PSA筛查的结果就进行判断,每隔2~4年进行一次筛检,且多次筛检发现持续的PSA升高,对于筛查鉴别前列腺癌患者可能更有意义。 

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    学习

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    2018-03-19 1e17414fm02(暂无匿称)

    学习

    0

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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=298898, encodeId=7a1b29889827, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfDEeydJz0GlP8O0ngrUX6AYCXFic0XDOOAyeQicIqnOd4TrWSwiagJrsFNYuWC1Uc6iavbS1hWt9xtZAhAqLGHqZyl/0, createdBy=42891977006, createdName=1e17414fm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Mar 23 08:12:08 CST 2018, time=2018-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=298678, encodeId=cace2986e8b3, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfDEeydJz0GlP8O0ngrUX6AYCXFic0XDOOAyeQicIqnOd4TrWSwiagJrsFNYuWC1Uc6iavbS1hWt9xtZAhAqLGHqZyl/0, createdBy=42891977006, createdName=1e17414fm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Mar 22 19:00:44 CST 2018, time=2018-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=298350, encodeId=6895298350a8, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfDEeydJz0GlP8O0ngrUX6AYCXFic0XDOOAyeQicIqnOd4TrWSwiagJrsFNYuWC1Uc6iavbS1hWt9xtZAhAqLGHqZyl/0, createdBy=42891977006, createdName=1e17414fm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Mar 21 14:29:46 CST 2018, time=2018-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297644, encodeId=843a29e644bf, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfDEeydJz0GlP8O0ngrUX6AYCXFic0XDOOAyeQicIqnOd4TrWSwiagJrsFNYuWC1Uc6iavbS1hWt9xtZAhAqLGHqZyl/0, createdBy=42891977006, createdName=1e17414fm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Mar 19 07:23:01 CST 2018, time=2018-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271066, encodeId=627712e1066b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4cfa14e8911' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PSA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14789, encryptionId=4cfa14e8911, topicName=PSA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Wed Mar 14 11:18:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=296095, encodeId=d010296095bb, content=好知识.值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Wed Mar 14 07:57:32 CST 2018, time=2018-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=295581, encodeId=d241295581b7, content=好知识.值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=15, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Mon Mar 12 20:36:08 CST 2018, time=2018-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=295579, encodeId=293b2955e913, content=好知识值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Mon Mar 12 20:34:19 CST 2018, time=2018-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-14 zb1235672

    好知识.值得学习

    0

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    2018-03-12 zb1235672

    好知识.值得学习

    0

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    2018-03-12 zb1235672

    好知识值得学习

    0

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