Clin Cancer Res:结直肠癌有前途的疗效预测和预后标志物:SMAD4缺失与复发、缺少免疫浸润和化疗耐药相关

2019-01-18 月下荷花 肿瘤资讯

SMAD4是肿瘤抑制因子,是转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)信号的中心环节,是结直肠癌(CRC)很有前途的预后和预测标志物。

SMAD4是肿瘤抑制因子,是转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)信号的中心环节,是直肠癌(CRC)很有前途的预后和预测标志物。SMAD4参与细胞增殖、分化、迁移和凋亡,介导上皮细胞与基质炎症细胞间的相互作用,其缺失可导致肠道上皮性肿瘤发生,超过50%的家族性幼年息肉病携带SMAD4胚系突变,易发生错构瘤性息肉和肠道癌,13%的散发CRC患者携带SMAD4突变或改变。SMAD4缺失与预后更差相关,呈现化疗耐药倾向。美国的Wasserman教授在Clin Cancer Res杂志发文,探讨了SMAD4缺失对CRC化疗耐药、肿瘤免疫浸润和无复发生存(RFS)的影响。 

研究设计

根据SMAD4状态对检测队列和验证队列患者进行分类。检测SMAD4状态和免疫浸润指标与无复发生存(RFS)的关系。采用SMAD4缺失和SMAD4未缺失肿瘤的异种移植物进行化疗耐药的检测。

研究结果

检测队列中纳入了364例I~IV期直肠癌(CRC)患者,中位诊断年龄53岁,队列中61%为左半肿瘤,62%为II/III期肿瘤。中位随访5.4年,13%的肿瘤患者携带SMAD4缺失,与更晚的肿瘤和淋巴结分期、更高频度的应用辅助治疗、较少的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)、较低的瘤周淋巴细胞聚集评分(PLA)相关(图1)。SMAD4缺失与更差的RFS相关(图2)。采用SMAD4和免疫浸润状态分层,具有SMAD4缺失、低TIL或PLA患者的RFS较差(图3)。接受含氟尿嘧啶全身化疗的患者中,SMAD4缺失患者的中位RFS为3.8年,而无SMAD4缺失的患者为13年。在异种移植小鼠中,SMAD4缺失肿瘤对氟尿嘧啶耐药。独立队列研究验证了上述结果,尤其是SMAD4缺失与较少的免疫浸润和更差的疾病特异性生存相关。



图 1. 检测队列中SMAD4 表达和TIL。
图1a. SMAD4 的免疫组化染色评分,SMAD4缺失定义为0分(左侧第1张图),
SMAD4表达定义 为1~3分(右侧3张图)。
 图1b. HE染色的低和高的TIL评分,与上图相对应 



图2. Kaplan-Meier法比较SMAD4不同状态患者的RFS。图2a.所有患者的RFS。图2b.大于53岁的患者的RFS。图2c.接受全身治疗患者的 RFS。图2d.只接受手术切除的患者  



图3. Kaplan-Meier法比较(a)不同SMAD4和TIL状态与
b)不同SMAD4状态和PLA状态患者的RFS

讨论

对364例CRC患者进行了SMAD4缺失研究,发现SMAD4的表达缺失与更差的RFS相关,这种关联在错配修复基因(MMR)正常和仅手术切除患者的RFS敏感性分析中持续存在。13%的肿瘤患者携带SMAD4缺失,与更晚的肿瘤和淋巴结分期及更多应用辅助治疗相关,同时还与较低的TIL和PLA评分相关。SMAD4缺失与免疫浸润减少相关在验证队列研究中得到了证实,此项研究是首个报告SMAD4缺失与免疫浸润关系的大型研究,结果显示SMAD4缺失和TIL/PLA缺失均对RFS有很大影响。这些新发现揭示了SMAD4与免疫逃逸间的关系,提示SMAD4作为CRC疗效预测与预后标志物的重要性。

另有一项纳入241例患者的研究同样显示,SMAD4缺失与更差的总生存期(OS)和RFS相关。接受卡培他滨治疗的SMAD4缺失患者的RFS和OS更差。最近有meta分析显示,SMAD4缺失与更差的肿瘤特异性生存、无病生存期和OS相关,SMAD4缺失与预后较差相关是由氟尿嘧啶化疗耐药所介导。此研究发现SMAD4缺失与更差的RFS相关,证实了上述研究结果,也进一步证实了另一项近期研究,该研究中SMAD4缺失与III期CRC较短生存相关。

此研究中,接受氟尿嘧啶治疗的患者,SMAD4缺失与更差的RFS相关这一点表现得尤为明显(SMAD4缺失患者的中位RFS为3.8年,无SMAD4缺失为13年),进一步证明SMAD4缺失可能是氟尿嘧啶化疗耐药的原因。根据Pan European Trial Adjuvant Colon Cancer (PETACC-3)的最新数据,SMAD4缺失也可能与FOLFIRI(亚叶酸、氟尿嘧啶和伊立替康)耐药相关。目前尚不清楚SMAD4缺失CRC是否适合伊立替康或奥沙利铂化疗,是否应在这部分患者中探索其他治疗方法。从研究结果中还可看出,仅手术切除的SMAD4缺失CRC患者的RFS也很差,提示SMAD4缺失CRC的不良自然病程。总之,SMAD4缺失CRC的更差RFS以及体内研究提示氟尿嘧啶耐药,表明SMAD4缺失CRC者本身自然病程不良,SMAD4介导的化疗耐药又对更差的RFS推波助澜。

这项研究还证实了既往研究中SMAD4表达与MMR状态间的关系:SMAD4缺失肿瘤多为MMR正常的肿瘤,此外还发现了SMAD4缺失与更少的TIL和PLA相关。当患者携带SMAD4缺失或是免疫浸润缺失时,RFS均很差,两者均缺失患者的RFS最差,这种关联在MMR缺陷肿瘤的敏感性分析中持续存在。

尽管既往研究认为,上述结果可能部分是由MMR的差异造成,因为SMAD4未缺失CRC有更高比例MMR缺陷,这可能会导致肿瘤免疫浸润增加,但敏感性分析表明,尽管存在MMR差异,但基于SMAD4状态不同带来的生存差异持续存在。此研究将SMAD4缺失和更短RFS关联,并建立了SMAD4介导的体内耐药模型,为阐明CRC耐药机制提供了很好的研究方向与模型。但这种异种移植物模型无法证实SMAD4缺失与免疫浸润之间的联系。

研究中还对上述结果进行了验证,SMAD4缺失与更差生存的关联未达统计学显著意义,主要是由检验效力减低所致。其他研究结果均在验证队列中得到证实,增加了结果的可信性,为未来探索CRC生物学行为提供了新的方向。

总之,此研究发现在I~IV期大肠癌中,13%~22%的患者携带SMAD4缺失,SMAD4缺失与更晚的肿瘤分期和淋巴结分期、辅助治疗应用、TIL和PLA评分较低相关。此外,SMAD4缺失与RFS较差相关,即使在单纯切除组中亦是如此。在Cox回归模型中,SMAD4缺失与复发风险显著增加相关,不受诊断时年龄和肿瘤分化程度的影响。采用SMAD4和免疫浸润状态分层时,SMAD4缺失和低免疫浸润与最差的RFS相关,即使排除了MMR缺陷患者后这种关联依旧存在。此外,研究还证实了患者来源的细胞株、类肿瘤体和异种移植物的化疗耐药,证明SMAD4缺失介导对氟尿嘧啶的耐药。因此,可将SMAD4表达作为临床风险评估指标,同时也提示SMAD4在CRC的免疫浸润中可能发挥一定的作用。

原始出处:
Isaac Wasserman, Lik Hang Lee, Shuji Ogino, et al. SMAD4 loss in colorectal cancer patients correlates with recurrence, loss of immune infiltrate, and chemoresistance. Clinical Cancer Research. Dec 2018.

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createdName=ms7514935887898259, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1557307, encodeId=a4bc155e3076d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f048290e85c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫浸润#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29078, encryptionId=f048290e85c, topicName=免疫浸润)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=769d14903231, createdName=cenghis, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1032043, encodeId=6b73103204385, content=谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=内科新手, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 01:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1794146, encodeId=79e71e94146f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=09e61642864' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Smad#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16428, encryptionId=09e61642864, topicName=Smad)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fd34186, createdName=wshxjq, createdTime=Sat Apr 27 11:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841352, encodeId=7f62184135285, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, 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encodeId=c0041453212f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=098ee8679ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结直肠#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78679, encryptionId=098ee8679ad, topicName=结直肠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9ace5575596, createdName=crystal0564, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1542686, encodeId=70da1542686f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ef610019167' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预后标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100191, encryptionId=3ef610019167, topicName=预后标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b24e13440329, createdName=ms7514935887898259, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1557307, encodeId=a4bc155e3076d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f048290e85c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫浸润#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29078, encryptionId=f048290e85c, topicName=免疫浸润)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=769d14903231, createdName=cenghis, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1032043, encodeId=6b73103204385, content=谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=内科新手, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 01:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1794146, encodeId=79e71e94146f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=09e61642864' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Smad#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16428, encryptionId=09e61642864, topicName=Smad)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fd34186, createdName=wshxjq, createdTime=Sat Apr 27 11:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841352, encodeId=7f62184135285, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, 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encodeId=c0041453212f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=098ee8679ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结直肠#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78679, encryptionId=098ee8679ad, topicName=结直肠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9ace5575596, createdName=crystal0564, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1542686, encodeId=70da1542686f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ef610019167' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预后标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100191, encryptionId=3ef610019167, topicName=预后标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b24e13440329, createdName=ms7514935887898259, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1557307, encodeId=a4bc155e3076d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f048290e85c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫浸润#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29078, encryptionId=f048290e85c, topicName=免疫浸润)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=769d14903231, createdName=cenghis, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1032043, encodeId=6b73103204385, content=谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=内科新手, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 01:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-01-20 江川靖瑶
  6. 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encodeId=c0041453212f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=098ee8679ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结直肠#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78679, encryptionId=098ee8679ad, topicName=结直肠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9ace5575596, createdName=crystal0564, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1542686, encodeId=70da1542686f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ef610019167' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预后标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100191, encryptionId=3ef610019167, topicName=预后标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b24e13440329, createdName=ms7514935887898259, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1557307, encodeId=a4bc155e3076d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f048290e85c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫浸润#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29078, encryptionId=f048290e85c, topicName=免疫浸润)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=769d14903231, createdName=cenghis, createdTime=Sun Jan 20 13:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1032043, encodeId=6b73103204385, content=谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=内科新手, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 01:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  7. 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  9. 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createdName=内科新手, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 01:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-01-19 内科新手

    谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多

    0

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