NAT NEUROSCI:拯救来自星星的孩子丨武胜昔团队发现调控自闭症社交障碍的关键脑区

2019-07-28 BioArt

有这么一群孩子:他们不聋,却对声响充耳不闻;他们不盲,却对周围人与物视而不见;他们不哑,却不知该如何开口说话。他们只生活在自己的空间里,就像天上的星星一样活在自己的世界里,因此被称为来自星星的孩子——他们就是自闭症儿童。自闭症最主要的核心症状是社交障碍。大脑作为整个行为的“司令部”,其调控社交行为的关键脑区在哪里?

有这么一群孩子:他们不聋,却对声响充耳不闻;他们不盲,却对周围人与物视而不见;他们不哑,却不知该如何开口说话。他们只生活在自己的空间里,就像天上的星星一样活在自己的世界里,因此被称为来自星星的孩子——他们就是自闭症儿童。自闭症最主要的核心症状是社交障碍。大脑作为整个行为的“司令部”,其调控社交行为的关键脑区在哪里?

2019年7月22日,第四军医大学基础医学院神经生物学教研室武胜昔、王文挺团队联合MIT冯国平实验室在Nature Neuroscience杂志上在线发表题为Anterior Cingulate Cortex Dysfunction Underlies Social Deficits in Shank3Mutant Mice 的封面文章,揭示了前扣带回皮质(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC)锥体神经元兴奋性突触在自闭症小鼠模型社交障碍中的关键作用。作者通过正向或反向调控ACC锥体神经元的兴奋性突触,可以缓解或模拟社交障碍。

该论文被选为8月份Nature Neuroscience杂志封面文章。图中描绘了三只小鼠试图拯救一只孤独地待在着星星上的自闭症小鼠,三只小鼠通过三个高亮的字母“A-C-C”(前扣带回皮质)连接在一起,寓意通过兴奋ACC可以增加小鼠社交行为,从而改善自闭症小鼠的社交障碍(武胜昔教授博士生姚涵设计)。

Shank3是临床发现的一种自闭症高风险基因,Shank3基因的缺失甚至点突变均可以导致自闭症的发生。作者使用了冯国平教授创建的Shank3敲除小鼠作为自闭症小鼠模型,该小鼠具有社交障碍和重复刻板行为等典型的自闭症样行为。ACC作为边缘皮质,以往实验研究多关注其在疼痛及疼痛伴随的负性情绪中的作用,而与自闭症的关系研究并不多见。而临床发现ACC受损的病人会出现社交行为异常。提示,ACC很可能在社交行为中具有重要作用。作者首先综合采用FISH,病毒稀疏标记结合神经元3D重塑,离体电生理,透射电镜等技术证实了Shank3敲除小鼠ACC锥体神经元兴奋性突触结构和功能损伤导致功能低下。利用GCaMP小鼠和Shank3敲除小鼠杂交,结合光纤记录,作者发现自闭症小鼠主动社交减少和ACC锥体神经元的活动降低有关。

作者使用的Shank3敲除小鼠是全脑敲除Shank3,为了证实ACC在社交障碍中作用的特异性,作者利用CRISPR/Cas9技术在ACC局部敲除Shank3,发现小鼠出现社交活动的减少,社交识别能力的下降,而对重复刻板行为没有明显影响。在突触水平,敲除ACC锥体神经元Shank3后导致神经元的兴奋性突触功能下降。表明,ACC锥体神经元的功能与社交行为密切相关。作者接着通过光遗传学技术,在Shank3敲除小鼠ACC锥体神经元表达ChR2,通过增加ACC锥体神经元的活动,观察是否能够改善自闭症小鼠的社交障碍?结果发现,兴奋ACC锥体神经元可以增加小鼠的主动社交能力和社交识别。而通过NpHR选择性抑制正常小鼠ACC锥体神经元活动,可以模拟自闭症小鼠的社交障碍,而对重复刻板行为没有影响。光遗传是一种急性的调控,作者也用化学遗传学的方法在ACC锥体神经元表达Gq,通过CNO持续激活ACC锥体神经元,也发现促进自闭症小鼠的社交行为,而对重复刻板行为没有作用。

针对ACC锥体神经元Shank3基因或者兴奋性突触的调控是否能够改善自闭症小鼠的社交障碍?作者利用了Shank3条件性敲入小鼠,在ACC局部注射Cre病毒,仅在ACC重新表达Shank3,结果发现,小鼠的兴奋性突触的结构和功能和主动社交行为及社交识别能力均明显改善。接着,作者使用了一种兴奋性突触后AMPA受体的正性调节剂CX546,通过全身给药或者ACC局部注射给Shank3敲除小鼠,结果发现对小鼠的社交行为也有明显的改善作用,同时ACC锥体神经元的兴奋性突触功能也有明显缓解。

社交障碍是自闭症的主要核心症状,也是自闭症儿童无法融入社会的最主要原因。这项发现对于我们理解自闭症社交障碍的发病机制非常重要。同时,作者采用了多种手段实现了对自闭症小鼠的社交障碍的急性或慢性的干预,对我们开发针对自闭症社交障碍的治疗方法提供了理论依据。此外,这项工作对于我们认识社交活动的神经机制本身也提供了参考价值。

博士生郭保霖为论文第一作者,第四军医大学基础医学院解剖教研室陈晶博士、MIT陈迁博士是共同第一作者。武胜昔教授、王文挺副教授及MIT冯国平教授是本文的共同通讯作者。该工作还得到浙大医学院胡海岚教授,美国Broad研究所傅展燕教授、武汉数学物理所贾凡博士等的大力支持。

原始出处:
Baolin Guo, Jing Chen, Qian Chen,et al.Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction underlies social deficits in Shank3 mutant mice,Nature Neurosciencevolume, pages1223–1234 (2019)22 July 2019

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    2020-07-07 liye789132251
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    2019-07-30 lsndxfj
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    2019-07-30 xiongke014
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    2019-07-30 fengyi818
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    2019-07-28 坚强007

    向科研人员致敬!

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