NEJM:对社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者使用何种抗生素治疗方案更好(CAP-START研究)?

2015-04-04 MedSci MedSci原创

背景:对于怀疑是社区获得性肺炎(CAP)并且入住普通病房的病人来说,医生依靠经验对病人选择抗生素治疗方案是比较麻烦和复杂的,因为缺乏足够的、可确诊的证据。我们实验的目的在于比较各种不同的经验性治疗方案如β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗、β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类联合治疗、氟喹诺酮类药物单一用药治疗三种方案之间的差异 。结果:一共有656名患者接受β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗;有739名患者接受β-内酰胺类与大环

背景:
对于怀疑是社区获得性肺炎(CAP)并且入住普通病房的病人来说,医生依靠经验对病人选择抗生素治疗方案是比较麻烦和复杂的,因为缺乏足够的、可确诊的证据。我们实验的目的在于比较各种不同的经验性治疗方案如β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗、β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类联合治疗、氟喹诺酮类药物单一用药治疗三种方案之间的差异 。


结果:
一共有656名患者接受β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗;有739名患者接受β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类联合治疗;有888名患者接受氟喹诺酮类药物单一用药治疗。病人平均年龄为70岁,三组患者依从性分别为93.0%、88.0%和 92.7%,且在治疗期间,三组患者90天内自然死亡率分别为9.0%(59名患者)、11.1%(82名患者)、8.8%(78名患者)。经过意向治疗分析我们得知,使用β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类联合治疗相比β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗致患者死亡风险高1.9%(90%可信区间为-0.6到4.4),且使用氟喹诺酮类药物单一用药治疗比β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗致患者死亡风险低0.6%(90%可信区间为-2.8到1.9)。因此,结果表明使用β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗不是全无好处和效果。患者平均住院接受治疗的时长为6天,使用氟喹诺酮类药物口服用药时长为3天(四分位数间距为0到4),使用β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗和β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类联合治疗患者口服药时长为4天(四分位数间距为3到5)。

结论:
实验表明,对怀疑CAP入住到普通病房的患者而言,使用β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗相比使用β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类联合治疗和氟喹诺酮类药物单一用药治疗,还是有一定优势的,因为三种方案而言,β-内酰胺类单一用药治疗至患者90天内死亡人数最低。

原始出处:
Postma DF, van Werkhoven CH, van Elden LJ, Thijsen SF, Hoepelman AI, Kluytmans JA, Boersma WG, Compaijen CJ, van der Wall E, Prins JM, Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJ; CAP-START Study Group.Antibiotic treatment strategies for community-acquired pneumonia in adults. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 2;372(14):1312-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1406330.

小知识:社区获得性肺炎

一、概述

社区获得性肺炎(Community acquired pneumonia,CAP)是指在医院外罹患的感染性肺实质(含肺泡壁即广义上的肺间质)炎症,包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后平均潜伏期内发病的肺炎,是威胁人群健康的常见感染性疾病之一。CAP是临床常见疾病之一。美国每年约有CAP患者300万~560万例,超过100万人次住院,平均病死率8.8%~15.8%,直接医疗花费在84亿~97亿美元,而重症监护病房(ICU)的重症CAP患者死亡率高达50%,居所有疾病死因的第6位。

社区获得性肺炎根据临床表现不同分为典型肺炎和非典型肺炎,两者在病原学和药物选择上也有不同。典型肺炎(typical pneumonias)通常又称为大叶性肺炎,而非典型肺炎(atypical pneumonias)一般用以描述那些全身症状比呼吸道症状更明显的肺炎,或者是细菌以外病原体引起的肺炎。两者鉴别要点见表1。2002年,美国NIH只将由嗜肺军团菌、肺炎支原体和肺炎衣原体引起的肺炎称为非典型肺炎。国外教科书均把病毒性肺炎单列描述。

表1 典型肺炎和非典型肺炎的主要鉴别点

典型肺炎

非典型肺炎

主要临床表现

起病急,发热、咳嗽、脓痰、有时伴有胸痛

隐匿性起病(10~20天潜伏期),多为阵发性刺激性干咳

肺外表现

不常见

发热、乏力、头痛、肌痛、腹泻等肺外表现常见

X线表现

早期见肺纹理增粗或受累的肺段、肺叶模糊。随病情进展表现为大片炎症浸润阴影或实变影,有时可见支气管充气征,伴有少量胸腔积液

影像学表现不典型,肺部多种形态的浸润影,节段性分布,以肺下野多见,有时从肺门附近向外伸展,部分患者出现少量胸腔积液

致病微生物

常见细菌,如肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等

非典型病原体,如肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、嗜肺军团菌

治疗药物

青霉素类(青霉素、阿莫西林等) 或者第一代或第二代头孢菌素;大环内酯类或者呼吸喹诺酮类有效

大环内酯类或者呼吸喹诺酮类(如左旋氧氟沙星、莫西沙星等),β内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类抗生素无效

二、病因和发病机制

(一)病因

1、病原学分类 根据引起CAP的致病微生物的种类可分为:

(1)细菌性肺炎:常见的病原体包括肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌等。

(2)非典型肺炎:病原体主要指肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、嗜肺军团菌等。

(3)病毒性肺炎:常见的病原体包括冠状病毒、腺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒、麻疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒等。

(4)真菌性肺炎:主要的病原体有念珠菌、曲霉、毛霉、隐球菌、肺孢子菌、奴卡菌、放线菌等。

(5)其他病原体所致肺炎:如立克次体(如Q热立克次体)、弓形虫(如鼠弓形虫)、寄生虫(如肺包虫、肺吸虫、血吸虫等)。

2、流行病学 CAP病原学对临床诊断和治疗有重要意义。然而,CAP的病原学很难通过临床表现、影像学改变或常规实验室检查结果来判断,即使应用多种实验室检测技术CAP病原分离率也很少超过50%。因此,国内外进行了大量流行病学研究,旨在为临床提供CAP的常见病原谱。调查研究结果显示,CAP病原学分布有明显的地区差异,汇总美国、欧洲、日本、阿根廷等国家及地区CAP病原体流调数据可见:肺炎链球菌、肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、流感嗜血杆菌等感染以及混合感染是CAP的主要病原体。我国开展的多个大型前瞻性CAP病原谱调查结果显示,肺炎链球菌仍是常见的病原体。但随着时间的推移,肺炎支原体等非典型病原体所占比例不断增加,目前已达到20%~30%。

刘又宁、陈民均等在2003年12月至2004年11月中国7个城市12个中心进行了为期1年的CAP病原学流行病学调查,研究纳入665例患者。结果显示,324例(53.1%)检测到病原体,其中肺炎支原体为最常见病原体(20.7%),其次是肺炎链球菌(10.3%)、流感嗜血杆菌(9.2%)、肺炎衣原体(6.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(6.1%)和嗜肺军团菌(5.1%)。11.5%的患者存在两种以上致病原所致的混合感染,其中以细菌合并非典型病原体的混合感染居多,尤其是肺炎链球菌混合肺炎支原体感染。细菌培养阳性患者中,10.2%合并非典型病原体感染。非典型病原体的检出率超过30%,而肺炎支原体感染超过了肺炎链球菌感染。对224例上海地区CAP患者的致病原调查结果显示,细菌感染率为21.7%,主要为嗜血杆菌属、肺炎克雷伯菌和肺炎链球菌;非典型病原体感染率为33.6%,主要为肺炎支原体感染(29.0%)。

肺炎链球菌作为CAP最重要的致病原之一,其耐药问题备受关注。自1967年首次报告了青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌(PRSP)以来,各国相继发现了PRSP,其增加已成为全球趋势。PRSP的发生率在不同国家甚至同一国家不同地区都有显著差异。2005~2006年我国9家教学医院分离的417株肺炎链球菌耐药性分析显示,肺炎链球菌青霉素不敏感(PNSP)[包括青霉素中介(PISP)和PRSP]发生率为47.5%(PRSP:24.5%,PISP:23%)。其中儿童患者PNSP发生率(69.4%)显著高于成人(35.5%)。

从上述资料可以看出,非典型病原体尤其是肺炎支原体感染在我国CAP中占重要地位,已经成为首要致病原;肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌仍是常见细菌性致病原;细菌合并非典型病原体感染是最常见的混合感染。目前我国PNSP率已近50%,与β-内酰胺类的交叉耐药很明显,同时对大环内脂类呈高水平耐药。

一些特定因素或状态会影响CAP病原体。对于有基础心肺疾病、多种内科合并症以及近期接受过抗感染治疗的人群,革兰阴性肠杆菌感染机会增加。在结构性肺病、长期应用激素或抗生素(>7天)以及营养不良等情况下,应考虑铜绿假单胞菌感染的可能。对于酗酒、神经功能损伤、食管疾病患者要注意厌氧菌感染的可能。对106例重症CAP患者分析表明,吸入性重症肺炎致病菌以肺炎克雷伯菌(20.9%)、大肠埃希菌(16.3%)常见。阻塞性重症肺炎以产碱假单胞菌常见(18.9%),铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌各16.2%。慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并重症肺炎以肺炎克雷伯菌常见(22.6%),金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌分别为18.9%和17.0%。

(二)发病机制

正常的呼吸道防御机制使气管隆凸以下的呼吸道保持无菌。是否发生肺炎决定于两个因素。如果病原体数量多、毒力强和(或)宿主呼吸道局部和全身免疫防御机制损害,即可发生肺炎。病原体可通过下列途径引起CAP:①空气吸入;②血流播散;③临近感染部位蔓延;④上呼吸道定植菌的误吸。

肺炎的典型病理改变包括充血期、红色肝变期、灰色肝变期及消散期。病原体抵达下呼吸道,孳生繁殖,引起肺泡毛细血管充血、水肿,肺泡内浆液渗出及红白细胞浸润,白细胞吞噬细菌,继而纤维蛋白渗出物溶解吸收,肺泡重新充气。在肝变期病理阶段实际并无确切分界,经在其抗生素治疗,这种典型的病理分期已很少见。除金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、军团菌等可引起肺组织的坏死性病变而形成空洞外,大多数肺炎治愈后多不留疤痕,肺的结构和功能均可恢复。极个别患者肺泡内纤维蛋白吸收不完全,甚至有成纤维细胞形成,形成机化性肺炎。

三、诊断思路

(一)病史特点

1、临床表现 细菌性肺炎的症状变化较大,可轻可重,取决于病原体和宿主的状态。常见症状为咳嗽、咳痰,或原有呼吸道症状加重,并出现脓性痰或血痰,伴或不伴有胸痛。病变范围大者可有呼吸困难、呼吸窘迫。大多数患者有发热。早期肺部体征无明显异常,重症患者可有呼吸频率增快、鼻翼扇动、发绀。肺实变时有典型的体征,如叩诊浊音、触觉语颤增强和支气管呼吸音等,也可闻及湿性罗音。并发胸腔积液者,患侧胸部叩诊浊音、触觉语颤减弱、呼吸音减弱。

肺部革兰阳性菌感染的特点为全身症状重,畏寒、发热,外周血白血病显著增高,肺部病变短期内变化大,进展快,血培养阳性率高。肺部革兰阴性菌感染的共同特点为肺实变或病变融合,组织坏死后容易形成多发性脓肿,常累及双肺下叶;若波及胸膜可引起胸膜渗液或脓胸。非典型病原体所致肺炎起病多隐袭,常有10~20天潜伏期。症状与典型的细菌性肺炎类似,但呼吸道症状中最突出表现为阵发刺激性呛咳,偶有少量粘液。肺外表现常见,主要为发热、乏力、咽痛、头痛、食欲不振、腹泻、肌痛、耳痛等。咳嗽多为干咳且持续时间较长,偶伴有胸骨后疼痛。除军团菌外,非典型肺炎临床表现通常较轻,可自愈。体格检查可见咽部充血,颈部淋巴结肿大,肺部体征与肺部病变程度常不对称,可无明显体征。

2、并发症 细菌性肺炎的并发症近年来少见,少数病人可并发脓胸,金黄色葡萄球菌感染还可出现肺脓肿、气胸、脓气胸。细菌经淋巴管、胸导管进入血循环,可引起脑膜炎、心包炎、心内膜炎、关节炎、中耳炎等肺外感染。如严重感染中毒或患者免疫力低下时还可并发感染性休克,表现为血压降低、四肢厥冷、多汗、发绀、心动过速、心律失常等。嗜肺军团菌肺炎常伴有严重低钠血症,部分患者并发急性肾功能衰竭、休克和DIC。

(二)辅助检查

1、一般化验检查 细菌性肺炎外周血白细胞计数常升高,中性粒细胞多在80%以上,并伴有核左移,细胞内可见中毒颗粒。老年体弱、酗酒、免疫功能低下者白细胞计数可不增高,但中性粒细胞的百分比仍高。肺炎支原体或肺炎衣原体肺炎白细胞正常或稍高,血沉加快,可有冷凝集试验阳性。军团菌肺炎可有肝酶升高、血钠降低。

2、胸部影像学检查 典型的细菌性肺炎X线表现为大片炎症浸润阴影或实变影,在实变阴影中可见到支气管充气征。金黄色葡萄球菌感染表现为肺段或小叶状的浸润,其中有单个或多个液气囊腔,而且具有易变性。非典型肺炎X线表现多样化,以间质或小叶浸润为主,特点是往往与体征不成比例,即临床表现轻而X线检查发现较多浸润病灶。胸片或胸部CT显示片状、斑片状浸润阴影或间质性改变,伴或不伴有胸腔积液。

3、病原学检查

(1)病原学判断方法的选择:①门诊治疗的轻、中度患者不必普遍进行病原学检查,只有当初始经验性治疗无效时才需考虑。②住院病人需同时进行常规血培养和呼吸道病原学检查。凡合并胸腔积液并能够进行穿刺抽液时,应行诊断性胸腔穿刺,抽取胸水做常规、生化、病原学检查。③侵袭性诊断技术仅选择性用于以下CAP患者:经验性治疗无效病情仍进展,特别是已经更换抗生素治疗1次仍无效时;怀疑特殊病原体感染,而采用常规呼吸道标本无法明确病原时;免疫抑制宿主罹患CAP经验性治疗无效时;需要与非感染肺部浸润性病变鉴别诊断者。

(2)痰细菌学检查:尽量在抗生素应用前采集标本,尽快送检,不得超过2小时。挑取脓性部分做革兰染色,镜检筛选合格标本(鳞状上皮细胞<10个/低倍镜视野,多核白细胞>25个/低倍镜视野,或两者比例<1:2.5)。

(3)血清学标本的采集:采集间隔2~4周的急性期和恢复期双份血清标本,主要用于非典型病原体或呼吸道病毒特异性抗体滴度的检测。

(4)检测结果诊断意义的判断:见表2。

表2 病原学检查检测结果诊断意义的判断

诊断意义

检查项目及结果

确定

① 血或胸液培养到病原菌;

② 经纤维支气管镜或人工气道吸引的标本培养的病原菌浓度≥105CFU/ml(半定量培养++),BALF标本≥104CFU/ml(+~++),防污染毛刷或防污染BALF标本≥103CFU/ml(+);

③ 呼吸道标本培养到肺炎衣原体、肺炎支原体、嗜肺军团菌;

④ 血清肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、嗜肺军团菌抗体滴度呈4倍或4倍以上变化(升高或降低),同时肺炎支原体抗体滴度(补体结合试验)≥1:64,肺炎衣原体抗体滴度(微量免疫荧光试验)≥1:32,嗜肺军团菌抗体滴度(间接荧光抗体法)≥1:128;

⑤ 嗜肺军团菌I型尿抗原检测(酶联免疫测定法)阳性;

⑥ 血清流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒抗体滴度呈4倍或4倍以上变化(升高或降低);

⑦ 肺炎链球菌尿抗原检测(免疫层析法)阳性(儿童除外)

有意义

① 合格痰标本培养优势菌中度以上生长(≥+++);

② 合格痰标本培养细菌少量生长,但与镜检结果一致(肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌);

③ 3天内多次培养到相同细菌;

④ 血清肺炎衣原体IgG抗体滴度≥1:512或IgM抗体滴度≥1:16(微量免疫荧光法);

⑤ 血清嗜肺军团菌试管凝集试验抗体滴度升高达1:320或间接免疫荧光试验IgG抗体≥1:1024

无意义

① 痰培养有上呼吸道正常菌群的细菌(如草绿色链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、非致病奈瑟菌、类白喉杆菌等);

② 痰培养为多种病原菌少量(<+++)生长

(三)诊断和鉴别诊断

对于新近发生咳嗽、咳痰和/或呼吸困难的患者,尤其是伴有发热、呼吸音改变或出现啰音的患者都应怀疑是否存在CAP。国际指南都推荐所有怀疑CAP可能的患者都应进行胸片检查。CT检查由于花费高,一般不推荐常规使用。

1、诊断标准

(1)CAP的诊断依据: 2006年中华医学会呼吸病学分会制订的CAP诊断和治疗指南(草案)规定的CAP的诊断标准为:①新近出现的咳嗽,咳痰,或原有呼吸道疾病加重,并出现脓性痰;伴或不伴胸痛;②发热;③肺实变体征和(或)湿性啰音;④WBC>10×109/L或<4×109/L,伴或不伴核左移;⑤胸部X线检查显示片状,斑片状浸润阴影或间质性改变,伴或不伴胸腔积液。以上1~4项中任何一款加第5项,并除外肺结核,肺部肿瘤,非感染性肺间质性疾病,肺水肿,肺不张,肺栓塞,肺嗜酸性粒细胞润浸症,肺血管炎等,可建立临床诊断。

(2)非典型肺炎诊断标准:目前美国、欧洲和中国尚没有制定专门的针对非典型肺炎的诊断标准,2006年日本呼吸协会制定的CAP诊治指南提出的非典型肺炎诊断标准为:年龄小于60岁;没有或仅有轻微的基础疾病;顽固性咳嗽;胸部体格检查无明显异常;无痰或快速诊断试验未发现病原体;外周血白细胞计数<10×109/L。满足上述6条中的至少4条应考虑为非典型肺炎,敏感性为77.0%,特异性为93.0%。满足上述1~5条中的至少3条应考虑为非典型肺炎,敏感性为83.9%,特异性为87.0%(见表3)。

表3 非典型肺炎和细菌性肺炎的鉴别诊断标准

鉴别诊断

非典型肺炎可能

细菌性肺炎可能

1-5项,5项

≥3项参数

≤2项参数

1-6项,6项

≥4项参数

≤2项参数

使用上述标准,可以鉴别出大约85%的肺炎支原体肺炎和90%以上的细菌性肺炎。但这些标准在老年病人,以及有严重基础疾病的病人,鉴别诊断就较为困难,或可能存在混合感染。

军团菌感染病情重,可以参考的指标相对较多,很早就有诊断标准。我国于1992年4月制定的军团菌肺炎诊断标准(试行)为:军团菌肺炎是一种革兰阴性杆菌-军团杆菌引起的肺部炎症。诊断军团菌肺炎的主要依据:①临床表现有发热、寒战、咳嗽、胸痛等呼吸道症状。②X线胸片具有炎症性阴影。③呼吸道分泌物、痰、血或胸腔积液在活性酵母浸膏琼脂培养基(BCYE)或其它特殊培养基上培养有该细菌生长。④呼吸道分泌物直接涂片荧光抗体检查阳性。⑤血间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检查前后两次抗体效价呈4倍或以上增高(≥1∶128)。血试管凝集试验(TAT)检测前后两次抗体效价呈4倍或以上增高(≥1∶160)。血微量凝集试验(MAA)检测前后两次抗体效价呈4倍或以上增高(≥1∶64)。

凡具有①、②二项,同时具有③、④、⑤三项中任何一项者,可诊断嗜肺军团菌肺炎。对于间接免疫荧光法(IFA)或试管凝集试验(TAT)效价仅一次升高(前者≥1∶256;后者≥1∶320),同时临床和X线肺部炎症表现的病例可考虑为可疑军团菌肺炎。

2011年美国IDSA有关MRSA感染的诊治指南中,指出如果临床上出现严重CAP时,应考虑社区获得性MRSA肺炎,并应进行经验性抗MRSA治疗。严重CAP的定义为:①需要入住ICU;②肺部空洞;③脓胸。

(3)CAP入院治疗标准:满足下列标准之一,尤其是两种或两种以上条件并存时,建议住院治疗。①年龄≥65岁。②存在以下基础疾病或相关因素之一:慢性阻塞性肺疾病;糖尿病;慢性心、肾功能不全;恶性实体肿瘤或血液病;获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS);吸人性肺炎或存在容易发生吸入的因素;近1年内曾因CAP住院;精神状态异常;脾切除术后;器官移植术后;慢性酗酒或营养不良;长期应用免疫抑制剂。③存在以下异常体征之一:呼吸频率≥30次/min;脉搏≥120次/min;动脉收缩压<90mmHg;体温≥40℃或<35℃;意识障碍;存在肺外感染病灶如败血症、脑膜炎。④存在以下实验室和影像学异常之一:WBC>20×109/L或<4×109/L,或中性粒细胞计数<1×109/L;呼吸空气时PaO2<60mmHg,PaO2/FiO2<300,或PaCO2>50mmHg;血肌醉(SCr)>106μmol/L或血尿素氮(BUN)>7.1 mmol/L;血红蛋白<90g/L或红细胞压积(HCT)<30%;血浆白蛋白<25g/L;有败血症或弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)的证据,如血培养阳性、代谢性酸中毒、凝血酶原时间(PT)和部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)延长、血小板减少;X线胸片显示病变累及1个肺叶以上、出现空洞、病灶迅速扩散或出现胸腔积液。

(4)重症肺炎的诊断标准:符合下列标准中1项或以上者可诊断重症肺炎,需密切观察,积极救治,有条件时收入ICU治疗:①意识障碍;②呼吸频率>30次/min;③PaO2<60 mm Hg,Pa02/FiO2<300,需行机械通气治疗;④动脉收缩压<90 mm Hg;⑤并发脓毒性休克;⑥ X线胸片显示双侧或多肺叶受累,或人院48 h内病变扩大>50%;⑦少尿:尿量<20 ml/h,或<80 ml/4h,或并发急性肾功能衰竭需要透析治疗。

2、鉴别诊断

CAP需要与其他肺部疾病相鉴别,见表4。

表4 CAP的主要鉴别诊断

疾病

临床表现

实验室检查

胸部影像学

抗感染治疗后反应

肺结核

多有全身中毒症状,如午后低热、盗汗、疲乏无力、体重减轻等

痰中可找到结核分枝杆菌

X线胸片见肺尖或锁骨上下的点片状阴影,病灶有渗出、增殖甚至钙化,密度不均,消散缓慢,且可形成空洞或肺内播散

一般抗菌药物治疗无效

肺癌

多无急性感染中毒症状,但是痰中带血多见。伴发阻塞性肺炎时可以出现急性呼吸道感染症状

痰脱落细胞发现癌细胞;纤维支气管镜检查发现新生物,病理诊断为金标准

胸片或胸部CT发现肺内或者肺门块影,有分叶或毛刺,或者厚壁偏心空洞。也可以出现肺不张、阻塞性肺炎、纵膈淋巴结肿大等间接征象

经抗生素治疗后肺部炎症不易消散,或暂时消散后于同一部位反复出现肺炎

急性肺脓肿

早期临床表现与肺炎类似。但随着病程进展,肺脓肿表现出咳出大量脓臭痰,黄绿色或带血,可以分层。

血白细胞20~30×109/L,中性粒细胞在90%以上。痰检和纤支镜防污染毛刷做涂片和需氧、厌氧细菌培养可以发现致病菌

X线可见脓腔和液平,脓腔内壁光滑或略有不规则

抗感染治疗恢复慢

肺血栓栓塞症

常有血栓性静脉炎、心肺疾病、外伤、腹部或骨科手术、长期卧床和肿瘤病史,具有深静脉血栓形成的高危因素。如果该患者突发剧烈胸痛、咯血、呼吸困难、神志不清时应高度怀疑肺血栓栓塞

动脉血气分析见低氧血症和低碳酸血症。D-二聚体升高

X线胸片示区域性肺纹理减少,典型改变出现尖端指向肺门的楔形阴影。CT肺动脉造影、放射性核素肺通气/灌注扫描和MRI等检查有助于诊断。

抗感染治疗无效

其他的非感染性肺部浸润,如肺间质纤维化、肺水肿、肺不张、肺嗜酸性粒细胞浸润症和肺血管炎等,也需要与CAP相鉴别。

本例患者具有急性起病,发热、咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛等典型症状,查体发现左下肺实变,化验检查血白细胞计数明显升高,血沉增快,X线胸片左下肺大片密度均匀浸润阴影,可以作出左下肺炎的初步诊断。

四、预防

戒烟、避免酗酒有助于避免肺炎的发生。对于60岁以上的老年人、体弱的儿童或成年人、慢性疾病患者或免疫功能低下人群预防接种肺炎链球菌疫苗和(或)流感疫苗,可减少这些特定人群罹患肺炎的机会。

五、治疗

(一) 初始抗菌药物选择

为了规范用药和减少耐药,各国都制订了CAP诊治指南,其中经验性抗菌治疗的基本原则为: ①明确诊断和确定抗菌治疗指征,抗菌药物仅适用于细菌性和非典型病原体性肺炎;②根据病情严重度评估进行分级治疗;③尽早开始初始的经验性抗菌治疗;④重视和提高住院CAP患者的病原学诊断水平,以改善后续治疗;⑤参考指南并结合当地病原菌耐药性资料优化治疗策略,以求最佳疗效和最少耐药;⑥运用抗菌药物的药动学/药效学原理指导临床用药;⑦参考药物经济学评价选择药物。其中,按病情分级规范抗菌治疗方案是各国CAP诊治指南的核心。表5为我国中华医学会呼吸病学分会制定的CAP诊断和治疗指南中初始经验性抗感染治疗的建议。

表5 不同人群CAP患者初始经验性抗感染治疗的建议

不同人群

常见病原体

初始经验性治疗的抗菌药物选择

青壮年、无基础疾病患者

肺炎链球菌、肺炎支原体、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎衣原体等

⑴青霉素类(青霉素、阿莫西林等);⑵多西环素(强力霉素);⑶大环内酯类;⑷第一代或第二代头孢菌素;⑸呼吸喹诺酮类(如左旋氧氟沙星、莫西沙星等)

老年人或有基础疾病患者

肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、需氧革兰阴性杆

菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、卡他莫拉菌等

⑴第二代头孢菌素(头孢呋辛、头孢丙烯、头孢克洛等)单用或联合大环内酯类;⑵β内酰胺类/β内酰胺酶抑制剂(如阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氨苄西林/舒巴坦) 单用或联合大环内酯类;⑶呼吸喹诺酮类

需人院治疗但不必收住ICU的患者

肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、混合感染(包括厌氧菌)、需氧革兰阴性杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、呼吸道病毒等

⑴静脉注射第二代头孢菌素单用或联合静脉注射大环内酯类;⑵静脉注射呼吸喹诺酮类;⑶静脉注射β内酰胺类/β内酰胺酶抑制剂单用或联合静脉注射大环内酯类;⑷头孢噻肟、头孢曲松单用或联合静脉注射大环内酯类

需入住ICU的重症患者

A组:无铜绿假单胞菌感染的危险因素

肺炎链球菌、需氧革兰阴性杆菌、嗜肺军团菌、肺炎支原体、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等

⑴头孢噻肟或头孢曲松联合静脉注射大环内酯类;⑵静脉注射呼吸喹诺酮类联合氨基糖苷类;⑶静脉注射β内酰胺类/β内酰胺酶抑制剂联合静脉注射大环内酯类;⑷厄他培南联合静脉注射大环内酯类

B组:有铜绿假单胞菌感染的危险因素

A组常见病原体+铜绿假单胞菌

⑴具有抗假单胞菌活性的β内酰胺类抗生素(如头孢他啶、头孢匹肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南等)联合静脉注射大环内酯类,必要时还可同时联合氨基糖苷类;⑵具有抗假单胞菌活性的β内酰胺类抗生素联合静脉注射喹诺酮类;⑶静脉注射环丙沙星或左旋氧氟沙星联合氨基糖苷类

(二) 疗程

传统的抗菌治疗疗程是7~14d,但一直缺乏充分的循证医学证据,因此以前的各种指南均未提供一致的意见。近年来,针对治疗肺炎常用的药物,不断有临床试验的结果支持肺炎的短程治疗,即短程治疗(≤5d)取得了与常规治疗(7~14d)相当的疗效。首先是氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物。Dunbar等比较大剂量左氧氟沙星(750mg每日1次)短疗程组(5d)与常规剂量(500mg每日1次)常规疗程组(10d)总的疗效无显著差异,而有很好的耐受性。File等比较5d和7d疗程的吉米沙星疗效均等。关于β内酰胺类抗生素(阿莫西林)和大环内酯抗生素(阿奇霉素)大剂量短疗程也取得较为满意的临床疗效。但是对于那些初始抗生素治疗失败的病人,由毒力强、容易产生坏死性改变的细菌引起的感染,合并其它肺外感染如心内膜炎和脑膜炎时,以及由少见病原体引起的感染,不适于应用短程治疗。基于近年来的多项研究成果,2003年美国感染病学会(IDSA)和美国胸科学会(ATS)推荐肺炎链球菌肺炎抗菌治疗的停药时间为热退后48~72小时,或疗程7~10天,对那些有较长血清和组织半衰期的抗生素如阿奇霉素最短疗程为5~7天,可引起肺实质坏死的细菌(如金葡菌、铜绿假单胞菌)所致肺炎其疗程应>2周,非典型病原体肺炎疗程为10~14天。

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8. el Moussaoui R, de Borgie CAJM, van den Broek P. Effectiveness of discontinuing antibiotic treatment after three days versus eight days in mild to moderate-severe community-acquired pneumonia:randomized, double blind study. BMJ,2006,332:1355

9. D'Ignazio J,Camere MA,Lewis DE,et al. Novel,single-dose microsphere formulation of azithromycin versus 7-day levofloxacin therapy for treatment of mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2005,49:4035-4041

10. Fine MJ,Auble TE,Yealy DM,et al. A prediction rule to identify low risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med,1997,336:243-250

11. Miyashita N, Matsushima T, Oka M, Japanese Respiratory Society. The JRS guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: an update and new recommendations. Intern Med, 2006,45:419-428.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-12 1decafd9m46(暂无匿称)

    求個抗真菌的啊

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-27 doctording1

    值得进一步关注

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-27 doctording1

    是一篇不错的文章

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-27 doctording1

    这篇文章有一定深度

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-27 doctording1

    不错,赞一个

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-25 smlt2008
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-15 吴颖

    很完整的呀

    0

  10. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146283, encodeId=e2d3146283a1, content=求個抗真菌的啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRtNT7AWKboIfjpeY6Nw6lNxAc4w1aibutHSqCJ2c3AbwfqpRia4IrnzU2mK3Ojx2Har8AUUyhC0kl7/0, createdBy=ecc31722157, createdName=1decafd9m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 12 08:40:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60795, encodeId=81d860e951b, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60794, encodeId=dd2d60e9466, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60793, encodeId=756460e9304, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60792, encodeId=f57b60e9237, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897980, encodeId=7014189e98044, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 20:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904951, encodeId=8b2c1904951d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21f66464823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方案#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64648, encryptionId=21f66464823, topicName=治疗方案)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 12:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042556, encodeId=2a5820425568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Wed Apr 22 07:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21205, encodeId=e4832120555, content=很完整的呀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19885, encodeId=529819885cf, content=关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12781609448, createdName=wu2734033, createdTime=Tue Apr 07 18:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-07 wu2734033

    关键是对中国有效吗,不同地方的细菌谱不一样,而且耐药性是一个大问题

    0

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  英国学者的一项研究显示,在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期或社区获得性肺炎患者中应用克拉霉素与心血管事件风险增高有关。这些结果需要在其他数据库中进行验证。相关论文发表于BMJ杂志。   该研究包括2项前瞻性收集数据库数据的分析,一项为COPD数据库包括2009年~2011年之间,全英国范围内12家医院住院患者;另一项为爱丁堡肺炎队列研究包括2005年~2009年之间进入NHS 

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在发达国家,社区获得性肺炎在导致死亡的感染性中占主导地位。尽管积极的使用抗感染治疗,因其导致的住院病人死亡率依旧居高不下,尤其是重症肺炎和治疗失败的情况下。而重症社区获得性肺炎的病人,其治疗失败通常与进行性炎症反应和更糟糕的临床结局有关。在这类治疗失败的病人中,可以使用糖皮质激素,去调节体内细胞因子的释放以抵抗炎症反应,达到治疗效果,但是目前对于糖皮质激素在这类人群中的运用仍存在争议。因此Anto