Sci Transl med:白血病患者福音!新发现有望提高“造血干细胞移植”成功率

2018-11-30 探索菌 生物探索

白血病是危害人类健康的重大疾病之一,治愈这类疾病最有效的手段是造血干细胞移植。本周,顶级期刊《科学》子刊上发表了一项重要成果,有望显着提高造血干细胞移植的成功率和安全性。

白血病是危害人类健康的重大疾病之一,治愈这类疾病最有效的手段是造血干细胞移植。本周,顶级期刊《科学》子刊上发表了一项重要成果,有望显着提高造血干细胞移植的成功率和安全性。

研究中,科学家们发现一个关键“开关”,这一“开关”与造血干细胞移植让人最头疼的副作用——攻击人体健康组织有关。

据悉,研究者们正在推进相关的临床试验,并已与一家公司取得联系,如果试验成功,关闭这一“开关”药物将能够使造血干细胞移植更安全、更有效。

01.何为“造血干细胞移植”

造血干细胞是人体血液系统中的始祖细胞,具有长期自我更新的能力,可分化成各类成熟的血细胞,包括红细胞、白细胞、血小板等。

通常来说,接受造血干细胞移植的患者要先接受放疗或化疗的预处理,以清除体内的肿瘤细胞和其它异常细胞。然后,医生会将来自患者自身或捐赠者(也称为供者)的造血干细胞移植到患者体内,以重建正常的造血和免疫功能。

对白血病患者来说,免疫重建是非常重要的,因为患者自身的免疫系统已经无法对抗肿瘤了。造血干细胞移植后,患者的免疫系统得以重建,就能杀死残留在体内的癌细胞,从而达到治愈的目的,并防止复发。这种抗癌作用被称为“移植物抗白血病”(GVL),是造血干细胞移植后,医生和患者都想看到的效果。

图片来源:istock.com/jann011

02.致命的不良反应

不过,让医生们苦恼的是,造血干细胞移植除了能产生他们期望的抗癌作用,还会带来一种不好的反应。30%-60%的患者在接受造血干细胞移植后,来自捐赠者的细胞会攻击患者的健康组织,尤其是肝脏、肠道和皮肤。这种不良反应被称为移植物抗宿主反应(graft-versus-host responses,GVHR)。GVHR不仅导致移植失败,甚至还会引发致命的后果,使患者多个器官功能衰竭。

先前,为了抑制这种不良反应,医生会给患者使用一些药物,这些药物的作用是抑制免疫系统的作用,减少免疫细胞对健康组织的伤害。但是,这种方法有一个缺点,它也会降低抗癌效果。

那么,能不能有一种方法,既能减少GVHR这种不良反应,又不会影响抗癌作用呢?

想要回答这一问题,我们必须先弄清楚,为什么有些患者在接受造血干细胞移植后会产生GVHR,即体内健康的组织也会被攻击呢?


相关论文(图片来源:Science Translational Medicine)

03.“决定性因素”被找到

在最新发表的研究中,来自瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家们证实,细胞因子GM-CSF的产生是患者产生GVHR这种不良反应的“决定性因素”。在健康人中,这种细胞因子来自一组特别的白细胞,能够帮助对抗感染

利用小鼠模型,研究人员发现,发生GVHR这种不良反应时,被移植到患者体内的干细胞产生了大量的GM-CSF。如果在移植前,通过一些技术手段让被移植的干细胞失去产生GM-CSF的能力,那么,接受移植的小鼠就能免受GVHR的伤害。

基于这些发现,科学家们推测,如果能有一种药物,接受造血干细胞移植的患者吃下它后能够抑制GM-CSF的作用,那么,或许可以阻止GVHR对健康组织产生伤害。

一开始,科学家们也担心,用药物抑制GM-CSF也会影响造血干细胞移植的抗癌作用,但事实并非如此。这让他们感到很意外。因为,先前大家都认为,“GVHR”和“免疫细胞发挥抗癌作用”这两种免疫反应是受相同机制调控的。

04.即将开展临床试验

那么,GM-CSF在人类和小鼠中是否扮演了同样关键的角色呢?

为了回答这一问题,科学家们分析了产生GVHR这一不良反应的患者的样本。结果发现,这些样本中,GM-CSF这一细胞因子的水平确实升高了,并且,患者产生的GVHR越强,样本中检测到的CM-CSF数量就越高。

接下来,科学家们将在人体中测试是否阻断GM-CSF这一细胞因子能够使接受造血干细胞移植的患者不产生GVHR这一不良反应,以提升这类疗法的安全性。

我们期待科学家进一步取得积极的成果,为白血病患者带来福音。

原始出处:Sonia Tugues1, Ana Amorim, Sabine Spath, et al. Graft-versus-host disease, but not graft-versus-leukemia immunity, is mediated by GM-CSF–licensed myeloid cells. Sci Transl med. 28 Nov 2018.

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    2019-10-30 bsmagic9140
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1658885, encodeId=6b8a1658885d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c40ce798412' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77984, encryptionId=c40ce798412, topicName=细胞移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ad4724938298, createdName=limedical1982, createdTime=Fri Apr 05 16:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1921236, encodeId=c24519212360b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6bfa58133ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新发现#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58133, encryptionId=6bfa58133ef, topicName=新发现)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=644e456, createdName=vera_1203, createdTime=Wed Apr 10 16:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1657107, encodeId=64db165e10777, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Wed Oct 30 05:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2067400, encodeId=c9b6206e4000c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d0841e75535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Transl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17755, encryptionId=d0841e75535, topicName=Transl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101173734/363C99735735B7F4CB11D5F78F580525/100, createdBy=aab22500211, createdName=ms3025846204744509, createdTime=Sat May 11 20:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354671, encodeId=8d7c3546e143, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0aa31415219, createdName=orangesking, createdTime=Thu Dec 06 22:13:46 CST 2018, time=2018-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271475, encodeId=d8d712e1475d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0ff950018f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#造血干细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95001, encryptionId=a0ff950018f, topicName=造血干细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e729101, createdName=huanbaofeng, createdTime=Sun Dec 02 13:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1494652, encodeId=415b1494652cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=084d9499599' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#造血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94995, encryptionId=084d9499599, topicName=造血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=caed9138962, createdName=俅侠, createdTime=Sun Dec 02 13:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1609356, encodeId=808716093568e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Sun Dec 02 13:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-06 orangesking

    0

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    2018-12-02 俅侠
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    2018-12-02 hb2008ye

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