盘点:黑色素瘤2017重要研究进展汇总

2017-12-31 MedSci MedSci原创

黑色素瘤,又称恶性黑色素瘤,是来源于黑色素细胞的一类恶性肿瘤,常见于皮肤,亦见于黏膜、眼脉络膜等部位。黑色素瘤是皮肤肿瘤中恶性程度最高的瘤种,容易出现远处转移。早期诊断和治疗因而显得尤为重要。这里梅斯小编整理了2017年以来关于黑色素瘤的重要研究进展,与大家一同分享。【1】抗衰老蛋白可能成为老年黑色素瘤患者的潜在治疗靶点http://www.medsci.cn/article/show_art

黑色素瘤,又称恶性黑色素瘤,是来源于黑色素细胞的一类恶性肿瘤,常见于皮肤,亦见于黏膜、眼脉络膜等部位。黑色素瘤是皮肤肿瘤中恶性程度最高的瘤种,容易出现远处转移。早期诊断和治疗因而显得尤为重要。这里梅斯小编整理了2017年以来关于黑色素瘤的重要研究进展,与大家一同分享。

【1】抗衰老蛋白可能成为老年黑色素瘤患者的潜在治疗靶点

衰老是黑色素瘤的不良预后因素。前期的研究表明,处于衰老微环境中的黑色素瘤细胞比处于年轻微环境中的相同细胞,对靶向治疗抵抗作用更强,这归因于衰老相关分泌因子。Klotho是一种衰老相关蛋白,40岁以后,在血清中表达水平剧烈下降。目前,Klotho蛋白在肿瘤中的研究,主要集中在不同肿瘤细胞的表达情况。新研究中,Weeraratna团队利用人工皮肤构建模型去重建黑色素瘤细胞与年轻微环境或者衰老微环境的相互作用。他们观察到Klotho,Wnt5A,黑素瘤细胞和肿瘤微环境之间存在错综复杂的相互调节;同时表明,抗糖尿病药物rosiglitazone可以促进Klotho的表达,进而抑制Wnt5A的表达,减少衰老老鼠治疗抵抗性黑色素瘤的生长,但在年轻小鼠中不起作用;重要的是,rosiglitazone与靶向治疗联合使用可减少年轻和衰老临床前模型中的肿瘤生长,但是单独使用rosiglitazone可加速年轻模型中的肿瘤生长,抑制老年模型中的肿瘤生长。

【2】ATR突变通过调节免疫微环境促进黑色素瘤的生长

近期,一项发表在Cell Reports杂志上的研究表明ATR基因突变可以通过调节免疫微环境促进黑色素瘤的生长。在该项研究中,作者发现有一部分人类黑色素瘤存在ATR功能缺失性突变;引入类似的突变到BRAF mt PTEN杂合黑色素瘤小鼠(Dankort et al,2009)可加速肿瘤生长和突变积累。ATR突变体肿瘤表现出多重突变的累积和炎症基因表达的改变,导致T细胞募集减少、刺激肿瘤侵袭的巨噬细胞的募集增加。 总之,这项研究发现了一条黑素瘤细胞通过调节免疫微环境促进其持续生长的机制。

【3】Pembrolizumab与Ipilimumab用于晚期黑色素瘤的疗效对比

3期KEYNOTE-006研究的中期分析显示,对于晚期黑色素瘤患者,派姆单抗(pembrolizumab)的整体生存期和无进展期生存期均优于伊匹单抗(ipilimumab)。现Jacob Schachter及其同事对该研究结束时的生存情况进行分析。KEYNOTE-006研究是在多中心开展、开放标签、随机化的3期临床试验。2013年12月18日-2014年3月3日期间,从16个国家87个研究中心和医疗机构招募了834名年满18岁的III期或VI期黑色素瘤患者,患者已不可行手术治疗,且已经接受过系统治疗。按1:1:1随机分配:派姆单抗 1次/2周,279名;派姆单抗 1次/3周,277名;伊匹单抗 1次/3周,278名。均为静脉给药。终期分析结果与中期分析结果一致,派姆单抗对比伊匹单抗可优化总体生存期,且派姆单抗不同的给药方案之间没有差异。这些结果进一步支持将派姆单抗作为晚期黑色素瘤的标准疗法。

【4】干细胞释放的溶瘤性单纯疱疹病毒治疗脑转移性黑色素瘤

近日,来自哈佛大学医学院的研究人员在免疫缺陷小鼠中构建了黑色素瘤脑转移模型,模拟黑色素瘤在人类中的感染进程,用来研究和克服溶瘤病毒治疗的局限性。利用该模型研究人员测试了装载有溶瘤性疱疹病毒的间充质干细胞的功能。利用病人脑部来源的黑色素瘤细胞和实时体内成像,研究人员在小鼠脑中观察到了分布广泛的微转移和大转移病灶,重现了病人体内的多灶性进展过程。之后,研究人员在间充质干细胞上装载了不同种类的溶瘤性疱疹病毒,他们发现,在颈内注射装载有溶瘤性疱疹病毒的间充质干细胞能够有效追踪转移性肿瘤病变,并且显著延长脑肿瘤小鼠的生存期。颈内注射纯化的溶瘤性疱疹病毒并不能达到同样的效果。在黑色素脑肿瘤的同源模型中,装载有溶瘤性疱疹病毒的间充质干细胞和PD-L1的联合治疗能够抑制产生IFNγ的CD8 +肿瘤浸润性T淋巴细胞的增加,并且显著延长动物生存期的中位数。因此,该研究利用间充质干细胞作为溶瘤性病毒的载体,实现了脑部治疗,为临床脑转移性黑色素瘤提供了可能的治疗平台。

【5】系统生物学方法将FUT8鉴定为黑色素瘤转移的驱动因素

异常糖基化与黑素瘤进展的关联主要是基于细胞系的分析。在这项研究中,我们提出了基于系统生物学的方法,对血糖变化及相应的与患者样本中黑素瘤转移相关的酶进行分析。核心岩藻糖基化(FUT8)的上调和α-1,2岩藻糖基化(FUT1,FUT2)的下调被鉴定为转移性黑素瘤的特征。利用体外和体内双重研究,我们证明FUT8是黑素瘤转移的驱动因素,当FUT8沉默时,会抑制肿瘤入侵和传播。FUT8的糖蛋白靶标在细胞迁移蛋白中富集,其中就包括粘附分子L1CAM。核心岩藻糖基化影响L1CAM切割和L1CAM支持黑素瘤侵袭的能力。FUT8及其靶标因此可以作为黑素瘤转移的治疗靶点。

【6】晚期黑色素瘤患者的治疗是nivolumab联合ipilimumab治疗还是单独用药

在此涉及晚期黑色素瘤患者的3期试验中,研究人员发现nivolumab与ipilimumab联合治疗患者的无进展生存期较单独使用ipilimumab治疗更长,客观缓解率更高。研究人员以1:1:1的比例随机分配先前未经治疗的晚期黑色素瘤患者接受nivolumab,剂量为1 mg/kg,联合ipilimumab,剂量为3 mg/kg,每3周4次,然后是nivolumab,每2周剂量为3mg / kg;nivolumab每3周一次,每2周加一次安慰剂;或ipilimumab,剂量为3mg/kg,每3周4次,加上安慰剂,直至疾病进展,发生不可接受的毒性作用或退出试验。按照程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)状态,BRAF突变状态和转移阶段进行随机化分层。结果表明,晚期黑色素瘤的患者中,与单独使用nivolumab或ipilimumab治疗相比,nivolumab与ipilimumab联合治疗的总生存期明显更长。

【7】III-IV期黑色素瘤患者术后辅助治疗——Nivolumab vs Ipilimumab

Nivolumab和Ipilimumab均为免疫检查点抑制剂,已被批准用于治疗晚期黑色素瘤。Ipilimumab已被FDA批准用于黑色素瘤的辅助治疗。近日研究人员比较了二者对黑色素瘤辅助治疗的效果差异。在这项III期临床中,招募了906名IIIB、IIIC、IV期黑色素瘤患者,患者接受了完整切除手术。参与者随机接受Nivolumab(3 mg/Kg,每2周1次,453人)或Ipilimumab(10 mg/Kg,每3周4次,每12周为1轮,453人)。所有参与者接受1年的治疗、出现复发或不可接受的毒副作用。结果表明,对于手术后的IIIB,IIIC或IV期黑色素瘤患者,Nivolumab辅助治疗的效果优于Ipilimumab。

【8】Dabrafenib联合Trametinib可显著降低III期BRAF V600突变黑色素瘤患者的术后复发风险


BRAF抑制剂Dabrafenib联合MEK抑制剂Trametinib可改善晚期BRAF V600突变黑色素瘤患生存。近日研究人员评估了二者联用对III期BRAF V600突变黑色素瘤患者的术后效果。在这项III期研究中,研究人员招募了870名完成手术的III期BRAF V600突变黑色素瘤患者。患者随机接受150 mg每天2次的Dabrafenib+2mg每天1次的Trametinib(n=438)或安慰剂(n=432),持续12个月。结果表明,Dabrafenib联合Trametinib可显著降低III期BRAF V600突变黑色素瘤患者的术后复发风险。

【9】前哨淋巴结转移的黑色素瘤患者治疗手段选择

对于中等厚度淋巴结阳性黑色素瘤患者(1.2-3.5 mm),前哨淋巴结活检可增加其黑色素瘤特异性生存率相关,但淋巴结完全切除对前哨淋巴结转移的患者的价值如何尚不清楚。在一项国际临床研究中,研究人员招募了标准病理评估手段或多分子检测确诊的前哨淋巴结转移患者进行淋巴结切除(切除组)或超声淋巴结观察(对照组)。对于1934名患者的数据分析研究发现,淋巴结切除与黑色素瘤特异性生存不相关。平均42个月的随访分析发现,切除组与观察组患者3年的黑色素瘤特异性生存相近。无进展生存期和区域节点的疾病控制率方面,切除组优于观察组。对于11.5%手术切除患者非SN转移是一个重要的复发的独立预后因素。24.1%的切除患者和6.3%的观察组患者出现淋巴水肿。研究认为,淋巴结切除可增加前哨淋巴结转移患者区域疾病控制并改善预后但不增加患者黑色素瘤特异性生存率。

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    2018-01-30 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-12-31 有备才能无患

    黑色素瘤.又称恶性黑色素瘤.是来源于黑色素细胞的一类恶性肿瘤.常见于皮肤.亦见于黏膜.眼脉络膜等部位.黑色素瘤是皮肤肿瘤中恶性程度最高的瘤种.容易出现远处转移.早期诊断和治疗因而显得尤为重要.这里梅斯小编整理了2017年以来关于黑色素瘤的重要研究进展.与大家一同分享.

    0