儿童一定禁用喹诺酮类药物?不是您想的那样

2017-08-06 赵文霞 逸仙药学V

患者:男,11岁,因复发性布鲁氏菌病予左氧氟沙星500 mg qd 口服治疗。根据左氧氟沙星说明书,未有布鲁氏菌病的适应证,且18岁以下的儿童禁用左氧氟沙星,该处方属超说明书用药。而2012年《布鲁氏菌病诊疗指南(试行)》表明对布鲁氏菌病急性期治疗的二线药物可选氟喹诺酮类,对于难治性病例可加用氟喹诺酮药物,且8岁以上儿童治疗药物选择同成年人。该处方该如何做评价?

案例:

患者:男,11岁,因复发性布鲁氏菌病予左氧氟沙星500 mg qd 口服治疗。根据左氧氟沙星说明书,未有布鲁氏菌病的适应证,且18岁以下的儿童禁用左氧氟沙星,该处方属超说明书用药。而2012年《布鲁氏菌病诊疗指南(试行)》表明对布鲁氏菌病急性期治疗的二线药物可选氟喹诺酮类,对于难治性病例可加用氟喹诺酮药物,且8岁以上儿童治疗药物选择同成年人。该处方该如何做评价?

思考问题:

儿童是否一定禁用喹诺酮类药物?

一、儿童使用氟喹诺酮类药物的是是非非

1. 喹诺酮类药物禁用于儿童的缘由?

喹诺酮类药物是广谱抗菌药,对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌等均有活性,具有快速杀菌、口服生物利用度好、组织渗透性高、消除半衰期长、且与许多抗菌药物不具交叉耐药性等忧点,在防治成人多种细菌感染中得到了广泛的应用。但是在幼年动物实验中发现喹诺酮类药物有引起关节和软骨损伤的问题,因此大多喹诺酮类药品说明书规定喹诺酮药物不宜用于、避免用于或禁用于18岁以下的小儿及青少年。

2. CFDA发出限制使用氟喹诺酮的安全警告!

2017年7月国家食品药品监督管理总局(CFDA)发布《关于修订全身用氟喹诺酮类药品说明书的公告》(2017年第79号),增加全身用氟喹诺酮类药品的黑框警告,当全身用药时,氟喹诺酮类药品可能引起肌腱炎、肌腱断裂,周围神经病变,中枢神经系统的影响和和重症肌无力加剧。也修改了全身用氟喹诺酮类药品的适应证:对于急性细菌性鼻窦炎、慢性支气管炎急性发作、单纯性尿路感染和急性非复杂性膀胱炎,只有在没有其他治疗选择的情况下,才可使用氟喹诺酮类!

3. 关于喹诺酮类药物在儿科的临床应用学术界存在着不同的意见:

3.1 反对意见:

《中华人民共和国药典(二部)临床用药须知》阐明喹诺酮药物应避免用于18岁以下的未成年人。《新编药物学》认为:本类药物可影响软骨发育,孕妇、未成年儿童应慎用。且大多喹诺酮类药品说明书规定喹诺酮药物不宜用于、避免用于或禁用于18岁以下的小儿及青少年

3.2 支持意见:

《实用儿科学》认为:对儿童不应禁用喹诺酮类药物,但要严格掌握适应证,剂量不应超过10~15 mg/(kg·d),疗程不要超过7天。且世界卫生组织《儿童基本药物清单》中包括了可用于儿童结核病治疗的氧氟沙星、及治疗儿童志贺菌感染的环丙沙星。

3.3 争论:

虽然动物和细胞实验表明一定浓度的喹诺酮类药物会造成软骨细胞损伤,但是动物试验的剂量远高于儿童常规使用剂量,且在临床中,人类使用喹诺酮类药物发生软骨病变的几率很低,因此喹诺酮药物还是经常超说明书用于儿童,特别是治疗一些重症细菌感染。

二、全身用喹诺酮药物用于儿童的适应证

到底全身用喹诺酮类药物可用于治疗儿童哪些疾病?以下结合药品说明书、MICROMEDEX、英国儿童处方集和指南、专家共识,逸仙药师整理了一些常见的全身用喹诺酮类药物(环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星)用于儿科的一些适应证(见表1),以期为临床用药提供指导和依据。

表1、全身用喹诺酮药物用于儿童的适应证


备注:CFDA:国家食品药品监督管理总局;FDA:美国食品药品监督管理局;EMA: 欧洲药品管理局。有效级别:Class Ⅰ(治疗有效);Class Ⅱ a(证据支持有效);证据级别A级(随机对照试验的荟萃分析;多个、设计良好、大规模的随机临床试验);B级(结论冲突的随机对照试验的荟萃分析;小规模或研究方法有显着缺陷的随机对照试验;非随机试验;非随机研究);C级(专家意见或共识;个案报道或系列案例)。MDR-TB:耐药及耐多药结核

三、使用剂量和疗程

目前国内仍主张采用吴仕孝1999年在全国儿科合理用药专题研讨会上提出喹诺酮类药物在儿童的一般剂量为10~20mg /(kg·d), 特殊情况可增加1倍;一般疗程为1-2周,必要时可延长[8]。MICROMEDEX推荐和文献综述推荐的使用剂量和疗程如下表2。

表2. 儿童使用氟喹诺酮药物的剂量及疗程


四、儿科患者中喹诺酮类药物的应用原则

喹诺酮药物不宜常规地用于各种小儿感染,尤其是已知有其他安全有效的治疗药物者。对于目前尚无其他安全有效的治疗药物,且药敏试验对喹诺酮类药物敏感的细菌感染患者,在充分权衡利弊后可使用喹诺酮类药。使用喹诺酮类药时应谨慎严格地控制剂量和时间,避免长期用药,同时密切注意短期可能出现的不良反应(如关节软骨的变化、中枢神经系统影响等),必要时可作随访。对于超说明书用药的情况,应通过医院药事管理与药物治疗学委员会及伦理委员会审批备案,并做好患者及家属的知情同意,以尽可能地避免因用药引起的医疗纠纷。对喹诺酮药物过敏,中枢神经系统疾病及癫痫患者禁用。

原始出处:

1. 中华人民共和国卫生部,布鲁氏菌病诊疗指南(试行),传染病信息,2012,25(6):323-324

2. Micromedex (169) [DB/OL]. Truven Health Analytic Inc. 2017[2017-7-11].


4. Patel K, Goldman JL,Safety Concerns Surrounding Quinolone Use in Children. J Clin Pharmacol,2016, 56(9) 1060–1075

5. Bacci C, Galli L, de Martino M, et al. Fluoroquinolones in children: update of the literature, J Chemotherapy, 2015, 27(5):257-265.

6.Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, et al. IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis in Children and Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):e72–e112.


8. 吴仕孝,喹诺酮类药物在儿科应用的新认识[J]中华儿科杂志,1999,37(12):773-774

9. Principi N, Esposito S, Appropriate use of fluoroquinolones in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015, 45(4):341-346.

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    2017-08-07 189****7206

    学习了受益匪浅

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    2017-08-07 suibian2007bbb

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    2017-08-06 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习,继续关注

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1928435, encodeId=2bb519284351e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3cf54018620' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#喹诺酮#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40186, encryptionId=3cf54018620, topicName=喹诺酮)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=917c196, createdName=sjzlzc007, createdTime=Mon Jan 08 15:15:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=231061, encodeId=80d4231061e6, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=08bb2061153, createdName=189****7206, createdTime=Mon Aug 07 10:29:50 CST 2017, time=2017-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230904, encodeId=ae5923090467, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4KDsF1g1gUHzGM0LHxX5B5uhEMln8y8iagso9N4XBTQVPmHrCNoT3o8bw80Ds53TpTgcPnKUIfkyw/0, createdBy=bc101976400, createdName=suibian2007bbb, createdTime=Mon Aug 07 00:41:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230853, encodeId=090023085339, content=学习学习,继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Aug 06 21:54:28 CST 2017, time=2017-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230847, encodeId=ad1c23084e60, content=很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib2emBzjO0FtqTJ05AqrEEdRmp6tmlsLXqpzfxWdtgbbgPGWRHagoK9fLTd3IayRPgkJVIVBWtdlmnkBhOIR4cFM/0, createdBy=e8d51649330, createdName=飘飘爱, createdTime=Sun Aug 06 21:48:19 CST 2017, time=2017-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-06 飘飘爱

    很好

    0

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