Diabetologia:肠道微生物群与血糖特征和2型糖尿病发病率的关系,以及与调节习惯饮食的关系

2022-04-24 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

肠道微生物群与饮食成分相互作用,产生胆碱、酚类、胆汁酸和短链脂肪酸。这些微生物群衍生的代谢物可能在调节宿主代谢疾病(包括二型糖尿病病)的发展中发挥重要作用。

背景:2型糖尿病给社会带来了巨大的社会和经济负担,在过去的十年中,其患病率在全球范围内持续增加。肠道微生物群与饮食成分相互作用,产生胆碱、酚类、胆汁酸和短链脂肪酸。这些微生物群衍生的代谢物可能在调节宿主代谢疾病(包括二型糖尿病病)的发展中发挥重要作用。肠道微生物标志物是预防2型糖尿病的潜在干预靶点。几项人体研究报告了微生物群与二型糖尿病的横向联系。最近,两个样本量相对适中的欧洲队列(分别为273人和608人)研究了肠道微生物群与2型糖尿病或血糖特征的潜在联系。然而,这些先前研究的结果是不一致的,并且仍然缺乏来自大规模前瞻性队列的证据。

不同地理区域的肠道微生物组成不同,这可能会混淆肠道微生物群和二型糖尿病之间的关系。涵盖来自不同地理区域的参与者的研究可以捕获肠道微生物组成和其他环境因素中的巨大异质性,因此在肠道微生物研究中是非常必要的。此外,饮食和肠道微生物之间的复杂相互作用可能在调节宿主的代谢健康方面发挥重要作用。例如,膳食纤维可能被特定的肠道微生物发酵,产生短链脂肪酸,刺激胰高血糖素样肽-1的分泌,并调节葡萄糖代谢。以肠道微生物群为目标的饮食干预是降低疾病风险的一种有前途且经济有效的方法。然而,这两项前瞻性研究均未评估饮食或生活方式因素与肠道微生物菌群之间的关系,而肠道微生物菌群与二型糖尿病或血糖特征之间存在特定的联系。

目的:肠道微生物群主要由饮食形成,并且在不同的地理区域有所不同。关于肠道微生物群与血糖控制的纵向联系知之甚少。我们的目的是在地理上不同的人群中鉴定与血糖特征和二型糖尿病相关的肠道微生物群,并研究饮食或生活方式因素与已鉴定的肠道微生物群的横向联系。

方法:中国健康与营养调查是一项基于人群的纵向队列研究,覆盖中国15个省/特大城市。在该研究的参与者中,2772名根据16S rRNA分析具有肠道微生物群谱的无糖尿病参与者被纳入本研究(年龄50.8±12.7岁,平均SD)。使用多变量调整的线性混合效应模型,我们检测了肠道微生物群与血糖特征(空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白和HOMA-胰岛素抵抗)的预期联系。我们构建了一个健康的微生物组指数(HMI ),并使用泊松回归检验HMI和二型糖尿病事件之间的关系。我们使用多变量调整的线性回归模型评估了饮食或生活方式因素与血糖性状相关的肠道微生物群的关系。

结果:随访3年,共发现123例二型糖尿病事件。我们鉴定了25个与血糖性状正相关或负相关的肠道微生物属。新创建的人机界面(每SD单位)与二型糖尿病事件呈负相关(风险比0.69,95%可信区间0.58,0.84)。此外,我们发现有利于血糖性状的几个微生物属始终与健康的饮食习惯(更多食用蔬菜、水果、鱼和坚果)相关。

图1 区分区域的肠道微生物群和饮食习惯。(a)来自中国北方和南方的参与者的饮食习惯的比较(n = 2772)。对于每一个饮食因素,数据以比例平均值表示(即平均值除以两个区域的相应最大平均值)。(b)用Bray-Curtis相异度矩阵和主坐标分析表示的中国北方和南方参与者之间肠道微生物组成的相异度。p值由1000次排列决定。椭圆的置信度为85%。轴上的值代表由主成分PCoA1和PCoA2解释的属水平上的肠道微生物组成的变化。(c)基于属的分类器在区域预测中取得了很高的性能。属级分类丰度被用作LightGBM模型的预测特征,以预测每个参与者属于南部区域的概率。(d)对参与者的主食偏好进行分类的特征曲线。我们使用区分区域的属作为LightGBM模型的输入来预测主食偏好。主食偏好计算为小麦摄入量与大米摄入量之比。比值≥1被认为是小麦偏好,否则推断为水稻偏好。这里,缺失值使用策略进行估算(单一均值估算和多重估算)。AUC表示十倍交叉验证的AUC。AUC显示的范围是受试者操作者特征曲线的95%置信区间

图2肠道微生物群和血糖特征之间的预期联系。基线肠道微生物群与(a)空腹血糖,(b)糖化血红蛋白,(c)空腹胰岛素和(d) HOMA胰岛素抵抗的前瞻性关联。总共有1829名参与者被纳入这项分析。线性混合效应模型用于检测肠道微生物群与血糖特征(空腹血糖、HbA1c、空腹胰岛素和HOMAIR)的预期关联,调整基线血糖特征、人口统计学、人体测量学和生活方式混杂因素。我们独立检查了北方和南方人群中肠道微生物群/血糖性状的相关性,并使用随机效应荟萃分析结合了这两个地区的效应估计值。关联性表示为每个属的每标准差血糖性状的差异(标准差单位)。上标字母(a到g)表示标记的肠道微生物属与至少两种血糖性状相关。p值< 0.05被认为具有统计学意义。在对多重测试进行调整后,没有发现单独的肠道微生物属与血糖特征相关

图3 HMI与二型糖尿病事件的关联以及饮食和生活方式因素的调节。(a) HMI和二型糖尿病发生率(n = 1829)。泊松回归用于检查基线人机界面(每标准差单位)与事件二型糖尿病的关系,并根据人口统计学、人体测量学、饮食和生活方式因素进行调整。进行了按地理区域、年龄组、性别、身体质量指数水平和城市化水平(城市或农村)分层的亚组分析,以测试模型的稳健性。(b)饮食和生活方式因素与肠道微生物群的关联(n = 2772)。线性回归用于估计连续饮食或生活方式因素(分类饮食或生活方式因素的百分比变化)的每次标准差变化的血糖性状相关肠道微生物群或HMI(以标准差为单位)的差异,并对混杂因素进行调整,并对其他测试的饮食或生活方式因素进行相互调整。红色箭头表示与血糖性状正相关的肠道微生物群;绿色箭头表示与血糖性状呈负相关的肠道微生物群。Benjamini–hoch Berg方法用于控制FDR。FDR值< 0.05被认为具有统计学意义

结论:我们的结果揭示了在地理上不同的人群中与血糖特征和二型糖尿病相关的多重肠道微生物群,并强调了基于肠道微生物群的二型糖尿病诊断或治疗的潜力。

原文出处: Wang H,  Gou W,  Su C,et al.Association of gut microbiota with glycaemic traits and incident type 2 diabetes, and modulation by habitual diet: a population-based longitudinal cohort study in Chinese adults.Diabetologia 2022 Mar 31

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