Cell子刊:人体器官的衰老速度并不相同,肠道菌群是延缓肾脏衰老的关键

2022-03-12 中国生物技术网 中国生物技术网

每个人的体内都有多个时钟,这些时钟因遗传和生活方式等因素走得快,或走得慢。因此,同龄人中会表现出不同的健康或疾病状态,以及年轻或衰老的模样。

随着时光流逝,我们终将衰老,没人能逃避这一过程。然而,衰老的速度确实在个体之间存在很大的差异。从看得见的特征来说,有的人面相明显比实际年龄年轻许多。

而且,长相年轻的人通常也健康少病;另一些人呢,实际年龄虽然不大,却已加入慢性病患者的行列,面相看起来也比实际年龄大了不少。除此之外,个体之间的器官和组织肯定也存在不同的衰老速率。

其实,评估个体生物衰老率的概念早在上个世纪70年代就出现了,但早期的研究集中在宏观层面,如开发估计一种统一衰老指数的方法,或利用体外组织和细胞培养物研究分子衰老生物标志物。因此,基于人群样本以精确评估人体器官和系统衰老率的实际应用仍是空白。

202238日,深圳华大基因研究院院长徐迅领导的研究团队在 Cell Reports 期刊发表了题为:Distinct biological ages of organs and systems identified from a multi-omics study 的研究论文。

该研究发现了人体全身系统中可能存在多个时钟的证据,并利用多组学数据表明器官和系统的衰老速度存在差异。

每个人的体内都有多个时钟,这些时钟因遗传和生活方式等因素走得快,或走得慢。因此,同龄人中会表现出不同的健康或疾病状态,以及年轻或衰老的模样。

图片

此前,大多数人类衰老研究都是在老年人群和慢性病高发人群中进行的。健康年轻成年人群的衰老过程在很大程度上仍是未知的。有研究表明,年龄相关的变化可以在20岁出头的人身上检测到。为此,研究团队决定把重点放在这一年龄段的人群。

在这项新研究中,研究人员招募了深圳当地的40662045岁的志愿者(女性占52%),从血液样本、粪便样本、体能检查和面部皮肤图像生成多组学水平数据。

他们共检测了403个特征,包括74个代谢组特征、34个临床生化特征、36免疫系统特征、15个体成分特征、8个体能特征、10个脑电图特征、16个面部皮肤特征和210个肠道微生物组特征。这些特征被分为9类,即心血管相关、肾脏相关、肝脏相关、性激素、面部皮肤、营养/代谢、免疫相关、身体健康相关和肠道微生物组特征。

在分类后,研究人员对每个特征与性别和年龄的关系进行了研究。由于发现大部分特征具有性别特异性影响。因此,他们针对男性组和女性组与年龄相关的特征分别进行了生物年龄构建,并最终生成了九个不同器官和系统的生物年龄时钟模式,可以用来将不同年龄的身体系统相互联系起来。

图片

研究人员发现,心血管年龄在参与者中的差异最小,而肝脏年龄的差异相当大,这表明器官和系统的衰老效应可能存在差异。

为了深入研究不同器官和系统衰老过程的特征,研究人员构建了衰老率指数(即生物年龄与实际年龄之间的差值/实际年龄),可以用来显示个体每年的相对衰老速度(加速或减速)。

研究人员发现,并不是所有的衰老速度都是预期的,不同器官和系统的生物年龄具有不同的相关性。

具体而言:

体能年龄(身体健康)与所有其他系统普遍具有较高的相关性;

肾脏和性激素系统的生物年龄最为相关;

性激素年龄与肾脏和免疫系统相关;

肾脏系统的衰老速度与肠道微生物组的衰老速度呈负相关

因此,具有更多样化的肠道菌群意味着肠道更年轻,同时还能延缓肾脏衰老。这可能是由于肠道菌群衍生的代谢物积累与慢性肾病有关。此前有研究发现,条件致病菌的多样性增加导致有毒代谢物的积累,从而引起肾脏系统紊乱。

此外,为了评估生物年龄时钟的预测效率,研究人员还用衰老率指数预测了非酒精性脂肪肝。这也是研究样本中最常见的异常情况。他们发现,非酒精性脂肪肝的严重程度与肝脏衰老指数有关,这与生物年龄时钟预测相应器官的疾病或表型是一致的。

图片

总之,该研究发现,衰老相关性的不同方向与整个身体系统存在的多个时钟相一致。

研究人员还使用他们的新方法查看了其他数据集,包括美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的美国全国健康和营养检查调查,以及中国纵向健康长寿调查,其中涉及超过2000名百岁老人的数据和相匹配的中年对照人群。此外,他们还研究了单核苷酸多态性(SNP),以确定差异是否可以由遗传因素解释,并发现了一些可能与衰老速度有关的途径。

研究人员计划定期跟踪这些参与者的衰老过程,以验证他们的发现。未来的研究将使用其他方法来分类衰老的特征和研究器官系统之间的相互作用。

徐迅说:我们的研究所使用的方法可以帮助我们提高对衰老的理解,更重要的是,将来可能会在实际医疗中应用。

此外,该团队还计划使用单细胞技术更详细地研究程序化老化。

该研究共同通讯作者、罗巴切夫斯基国立大学的Claudio Franceschi博士说:捕捉衰老个体的细胞间差异很重要,因为这将告诉我们有关细胞类型和组织内异质性的重要信息,并提供对衰老机制的重要见解。

论文链接:

Distinct biological ages of organs and systems identified from a multi-omics study.Cell Reports.2022.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110459

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