Environ Int:雾霾显著增加自闭症风险:华人学者对上海7城区调研结果登上知名期刊

2018-11-13 明小 科研圈

冬天的来临对中国部分地区来说不只是秋裤预警,可能还有雾霾预警。空气污染对儿童的影响尤其令人担忧,而我们很可能仍未全面认识它的危害。

冬天的来临对中国部分地区来说不只是秋裤预警,可能还有雾霾预警。空气污染对儿童的影响尤其令人担忧,而我们很可能仍未全面认识它的危害。

来自莫纳什大学(Monash University)的华人科学家郭玉明为了分析空气污染与自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)之间的联系,对上海 1444 名儿童进行了研究,包括 124 名 ASD 患者和 1240 名健康儿童,发现雾霾中的颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)浓度的增高会显著增加儿童患上自闭症的风险,其中浓度增加 3.4 μg/m3 时 PM2.5 的优势比高达 1.78。

这是首次对发展中国家儿童早期空气污染接触与 ASD 患病关系的研究。该研究于 11 月 5 日发表在环境领域著名期刊《国际环境》(Environment International)上。

首次对上海儿童进行研究 

自闭症谱系障碍的症状包括异常的社交能力、沟通能力和重复行为,是儿童精神类疾病当中最为严重的一种。患有自闭症的孩子一般在 18 个月甚至更早的时候就会出现相关症状,到 2~3 岁时症状趋于明显。在发达国家,约 1.5% 的儿童被诊断患有自闭症。

自闭症的原因很复杂,目前尚未被全部揭示,除了具有很强的遗传基础,表观遗传和环境因素也越来越多地受到人们的重视。以往的研究多集中在西方发达国家,研究对象也多为孕妇。

前期的横断面研究开始于 2014 年 6 月。郭玉明团队从上海 17 个区中随机抽取 7 个区,包括 3 个市区(杨浦,徐汇,静安)和 4 个郊区(闵行,浦东,奉贤,崇明),然后在每个选定的地区随机抽取 15% 的幼儿园和小学,再加上自闭症患病率较高的所有特殊教育学校。

来自 96 所幼儿园、55 所小学和 28 所特殊教育学校的 84934 名 3~12 岁儿童参加了这项研究,所有儿童在被调查时都在 3~12 岁之间。研究者推测,由于自闭症早在婴儿期就会开始出现症状,因此患病情况可能与他们 0~3 岁时接触到的空气污染相关。这次的研究对象则是横断面研究中的 124 名自闭症患者以及 1240 名健康儿童,其中健康对照组中的年龄、性别、疾病史、创伤史等因素分别与自闭症儿童相匹配。

PM1 对自闭症风险影响更大

研究结果表明,在出生后的 3 年内处在空气污染中会显著增加自闭症的患病风险。

在这次研究中,郭玉明团队选取 124 名 ASD 患者,并给每名患者随机匹配 10 名年龄、性别、出生体重、疾病史、创伤史相似的健康儿童,然后根据他们早期成长的地理环境气象记录,计算两个群体的空气污染暴露情况。

在控制出生体重、家族病史等其他影响因素之后,研究人员得出了三种污染物的优势比(odds ratio,OR)。这是流行病学研究里病例对照研究中的一个常用指标,表示存在某个影响因素的时候的发病率与不存在该影响因素时发病率的比值。优势比反映了影响因素和发病率的关联强度,当 OR > 1 时,说明研究的因素对于该疾病来说是一个危险因素。对于发病率很低的自闭症来说,OR 值即是相对危险度的精确估计值。

郭玉明团队调查了三种颗粒物质的健康影响,分别是 PM1(可入肺颗粒物)、PM2.5(细颗粒物)和 PM10(可吸入颗粒物),其中 PM2.5 占到了中国大部分地区空气悬浮颗粒物的主要部分,世界各国也都有相应的指数标准和监测规范。研究发现,污染物对 0~3 岁儿童影响最大,并且最常见的 PM2.5 在浓度增加 3.4 μg/m3 时优势比达到了 1.78。也就是说,儿童 0~3 岁每多接触 3.4 μg/m3 的PM2.5 污染,其患自闭症的风险就会提高 78%。

另外两种污染物的风险也值得引起重视。浓度增加 4.9 μg/m3 时 PM10 的优势比为 1.68,而 浓度增加 4.8 μg/m3 时 PM1 的优势比达到了 1.86,影响相对于另两类空气污染物更加显著。PM1 粒径最小(直径小于或等于 1 微米),全球范围内对 PM1 的研究也很少,各机构尚未制定相关的安全标准。但是,PM1 在大气中的停留时间长、输送距离远,对大气环境质量和人体健康的影响更大;它能够穿透肺部并进入血液,导致一系列严重的健康问题。

“仅仅在中国,PM1 污染水平就达到了 PM2.5 污染的 80% 左右,因此需要进一步研究其健康影响和毒理学,以便为决策者制定未来控制 PM1 空气污染的标准,” 郭玉明说。

空气污染如何影响自闭症的患病风险

本次研究还显示,相比第一年,出生后第二年和第三年接触污染物对自闭症风险的影响更为显著。研究者认为这可能与儿童发育的一些关键时期有关:2~4 岁是神经连接模式发展的重要阶段,直接影响儿童的互动交流能力;而随着年龄的增长,儿童呼吸的空气量也会增加,因此在第二年和第三年接触污染物的量也会更大。

对于这次的研究成果,郭玉明分析了几种可能的解释机制,空气污染对免疫系统、前额叶皮质(prefrontal cortex)和早期神经发育都会产生影响,这些影响则会进一步增加自闭症的患病风险。

新生儿在呼吸空气时,其中的颗粒污染物会减少 T 细胞并增加脐带血中的 B 淋巴细胞,这种免疫系统的损伤与异常活动,在神经发育的关键时期则可能导致自闭症。

此前,墨西哥的一项研究曾发现,儿童在空气污染中呼吸会损害前额皮质,前额叶皮质涉及到认知行为的规划和人格表达,而认知功能障碍就是自闭症的主要症状之一。

对于空气污染物中 PM1、PM2.5 和 PM10 的毒理学研究则表明,其中的多环芳烃和柴油废气颗粒会显著影响大脑的活动与功能,阻碍早期神经发育时重要基因的表达,从而增加自闭症的患病风险。

像自闭症这样的疾病,从婴儿期就会开始出现症状,而且很难治愈,这会给患者和家庭带来巨大负担。空气污染和儿童精神健康的关系需要更多的研究关注,特别是相对较欠缺的 PM1 的影响研究,这对未来控制 PM1 污染标准的制定也极其重要。

由于这次的研究地区限制在了一个城市以内,空气污染的情况相差不够显著,郭玉明表示未来的研究需要在不同城市展开,以获得空气污染浓度相差较大时的相关数据。

原始出处:
Zhiling Guo, Heidi Qunhui Xie, PengZhang, et al. Dioxins as potential risk factors for autism spectrum disorder. Environment International. Nov 2018.


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    2018-11-15 chenshujs
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    2018-11-15 july_979
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    2018-11-15 xiongke014
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