AHA2017:韩国研究:使用替格瑞洛治疗,其呼吸困难与出血事件可能密切相关

2017-11-18 佚名 国际循环

韩国研究者Kang MG等报道了一项前瞻性、观察性研究,调查了急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者在接受替格瑞洛治疗期间发生呼吸困难的预测因素。

2017年11月11~15日,2017年美国心脏协会(AHA)科学年会于美国加州阿纳海姆隆重举行。会议期间,韩国研究者Kang MG等报道了一项前瞻性、观察性研究,调查了急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者在接受替格瑞洛治疗期间发生呼吸困难的预测因素。结果显示,替格瑞洛治疗早期出血和呼吸困难的发生率均较高(约40%),而发生出血事件者呼吸困难更多见。该研究提示,临床医生应重视抗血小板治疗的安全性,并积极优化治疗以平衡疗效与不良事件风险。

研究背景及目的

以往研究显示,接受替格瑞洛治疗的患者呼吸困难发生率高于氯吡格雷。尽管替格瑞洛具有强效抗血小板作用,但出现呼吸困难的不良事件可能使患者难以耐受,从而降低治疗依从性。为此,韩国庆尚大学医院Kang MG等开展了一项研究,以评估ACS患者在使用替格瑞洛期间发生呼吸困难的预测因素。

研究方法

这是一项前瞻性、观察性、多中心研究,于2014年9月至2017年6月进行,共纳入180例ACS患者,均成功接受药物洗脱支架(DES)的经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)。排除标准包括严重肺部疾病(如慢性阻塞性肺病、间质性肺病、感染等)、药物依从性差、合并非心脏疾病预期寿命<1年者。患者应用标准剂量替格瑞洛治疗(负荷剂量180 mg,维持剂量90 mg每日2次)。出院时及出院后1个月,测量血小板活性(VerifyNow)、N端前脑钠肽(NT-proBNP),并行经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查。出院后1个月对患者进行问卷调查,以评估药物依从性、出血(BARC分型)和呼吸困难(MMRC呼吸困难指数)的情况。

研究结果

共76例(42.2%)患者发生呼吸困难(MMRC 1~4分),73例(40.6%)患者发生出血事件(BARC 1型或2型)。与未发生呼吸困难的患者相比,发生呼吸困难的患者女性较多,其他基线特征基本相似,包括人口学特征、危险因素或既往病史、实验室检查和PCI手术特征等;在随访1月时,两组患者的P2Y12反应单位(PRU)、NT-proBNP和左室射血分数均无显着差异。与未发生出血事件的患者相比,发生出血事件的患者呼吸困难发生率明显升高(50.6% vs. 36.4%,单因素分析OR=1.792,P=0.058,图1)。进一步多因素分析显示,出血事件(BARC 1型或2型)是发生呼吸困难的预测因素(OR=2.173,95%CI:1.112~4.237,P=0.023),其他预测因素还包括女性(P=0.045)和贫血(P=0.022)。



图1. 发生出血事件的患者呼吸困难发生率明显升高

根据是否发生呼吸困难和/或出血事件,将患者分为四组:仅呼吸困难组(A组,n=39)、呼吸困难+出血组(B组,n=37)、仅出血组(C组,n=36)、既无呼吸困难也无出血组(D组,n=68)。对出院后1个月的抗血小板治疗方案进行随访,结果发现,与D组(33.3%)相比,出现呼吸困难和/或出血事件的患者仍坚持应用替格瑞洛标准剂量治疗的比例下降(8.3%~18.9%);共9.4%患者替格瑞洛剂量减半(45 mg每日2次),其中出血患者所占比例最高(4.4%);共18.8%患者转换为其他P2Y12受体抑制剂治疗,其中绝大多数(17.7%)转换为氯吡格雷75 mg每日1次治疗,而且,呼吸困难+出血组(7.2%)和出血组(6.6%)转换为氯吡格雷治疗的比例最高(表1)。



表1. 出院后1个月的抗血小板治疗方案变化,n(%)

研究结论及讨论

该研究得出结论,PCI/ACS患者在应用替格瑞洛治疗早期出现呼吸困难和出血不良事件的风险较高,两者发生率均约为40%。而且,有出血事件的患者发生呼吸困难的风险明显增加。这是第一项提示在替格瑞洛治疗期间呼吸困难与出血事件之间可能存在密切相关性的临床研究,尽管相关机制仍需进一步阐明,但其结果已表明在临床实践中存在着巨大的未满足需求,即如何应对替格瑞洛治疗导致的呼吸困难亟需引起重视。研究者认为,除加强教育、氨茶碱对症处理等措施外,还可通过替格瑞洛减量或转换为其他P2Y12受体抑制剂来进一步优化治疗。

关于出血风险和呼吸困难等不良事件,不同P2Y12受体抑制剂之间存在很大差异,而这可对治疗依从性产生严重影响。大量研究证实,氯吡格雷较新型P2Y12受体抑制剂(替格瑞洛、普拉格雷)显着降低患者出血风险。对4项RCT研究、31 470例患者的荟萃分析(Am J Cardiol.2015;116:809-817)结果显示,新型P2Y12受体抑制剂TIMI大出血或小出血风险显着高于氯吡格雷(HR=1.20,95% CI:1.02~1.42)。2017年新发表的对15项大规模临床研究、54 025例患者的网络荟萃分析(Cardiovasc Revasc Med.2017;18:79-85)显示,替格瑞洛较氯吡格雷轻微出血事件发生率显着增加(OR=1.59,95%CI:1.10~5.03),普拉格雷较氯吡格雷大出血风险有增加的趋势(OR=1.59,95%CI:0.98~7.06)。以上证据一致表明,与新型P2Y12受体抑制剂相比氯吡格雷出血风险更小。

除出血风险外,呼吸困难也是导致P2Y12受体抑制剂治疗不耐受的重要因素。一项前瞻性、观察性研究显示,替格瑞洛治疗1个月断药率达16.7%,而呼吸困难(55.6%)为最主要的停药原因(Int J Cardiol.2014;173:120-121)。PEGASUS-TIMI54研究发现,因呼吸困难造成替格瑞洛停药显着高于安慰剂组(N Engl J Med.2015;372:1791-1800)。GRAPE研究显示,使用替格瑞洛的患者呼吸困难发生率显着高于氯吡格雷/普拉格雷,而呼吸困难的患者治疗依从性更差,换药更频繁[Euro Heart J.2016;37(Abstract Suppl):384]。

因此,对于接受替格瑞洛治疗的PCI/ACS患者,临床医生应高度重视出血及呼吸困难的问题,对已出现出血事件的患者尤其应警惕呼吸困难的发生。选择出血和呼吸困难风险低的P2Y12受体抑制剂(如氯吡格雷),优化抗血小板治疗方案有助于提高治疗依从性,使患者受益最大化。

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    2017-11-19 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医疗技术

    0

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    2017-11-19 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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    2017-11-18 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

    0

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    2017-11-18 thlabcde

    好资料学习了!

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