Science:巨噬细胞再认识,分化后依然像干细胞一样自我更新

2016-01-24 何嫱 生物通

当我们的器官老化或损伤时,它们的更新通常依赖于组织中少量的干细胞,因为绝大多数分化细胞都丧失了分裂及生成新细胞的能力。由德国Max Delbrück分子医学中心(MDC)和法国国立马赛免疫学中心(CIML)的Michael Sieweke领导的一个德法研究小组现在揭示了一种特化免疫细胞——人类巨噬细胞几乎能无限分裂与自我更新的机制。 研究人员在《科学》(Science)杂志上证实,巨


当我们的器官老化或损伤时,它们的更新通常依赖于组织中少量的干细胞,因为绝大多数分化细胞都丧失了分裂及生成新细胞的能力。由德国Max Delbrück分子医学中心(MDC)和法国国立马赛免疫学中心(CIML)的Michael Sieweke领导的一个德法研究小组现在揭示了一种特化免疫细胞——人类巨噬细胞几乎能无限分裂与自我更新的机制。

研究人员在《科学》(Science)杂志上证实,巨噬细胞是通过激活与胚胎干细胞中相似的基因网络来做到这一点的。在未来这些研究发现有可能为再生医学和治疗指明新方向。

我们的机体在不断地发生改变:新细胞不断替换特化细胞来维持皮肤、肠、血液和其他组织,或在损伤后修复它们。由于分化细胞通常无法分裂,更新几乎总是由组织特异性的干细胞来完成,它们能够不断地生成新细胞。最近研究人员发现了一些例外的情况:某些类型已经分化的免疫细胞具有自我更新的能力。

在免疫防御中起重要作用的巨噬细胞,也控制了组织再生和更新。

几年前,由德国免疫学家和干细胞研究人员Michael Sieweke领导的研究小组,证实在某些条件下巨噬细胞可以分裂,且不会丧失在特化为免疫细胞时获得的某些特性。研究人员曾在小鼠中证实,调控基因读取的一些蛋白——转录因子在这一过程中发挥决定性作用。在巨噬细胞中遗传操控关闭两个转录因子MafB和c-Maf,可导致这些细胞启动一种自我更新程序。在细胞培养物中它们甚至可以几乎无限地维持及扩增——这对于分化细胞来说通常是不可能的事情。

在这项新研究中,来自MDC和CIML的Sieweke研究小组证实,从未接受免疫操控的小鼠处取得的各种巨噬细胞也同样是这种情况。这发生于短时间内MafB和c-Maf的浓度自然降低或受到抑制之时。

Sieweke说:“我们问自己:怎么可能出现这种情况——换句话说,是什么机制和基因使得分化的巨噬细胞开启了自我更新?”为了阐明这一点,研究人员将巨噬细胞与具有相似的无限自我更新能力的胚胎干细胞进行了比较。科学家们比较了在两类细胞中活化的基因调控元件及基因的模式。

“结果表明,巨噬细胞中有一组休眠基因,可以重新唤醒它们来促使巨噬细胞自我更新。”在这里,研究人员获得了一个惊人的研究发现:这些巨噬细胞基因在一个与增殖胚胎干细胞中开启的、非常相似的网络中协同发挥作用。“你可以说这些分化细胞中包含有一些休眠的干细胞基因,”Sieweke说。

尽管两类细胞中的基因网络非常相似,它们的调控方式不同:它们受到不同的细胞类型特异性转录因子以及基因调控元件的控制。“但发现巨噬细胞可以利用它们自身非常特异的调控因子激活干细胞中的一些自我更新基因,是一个好消息,”Sieweke说。

他认为,这些研究结果最终将用于再生医学中。“如果可以直接扩增分化细胞,可能无需绕道通过胚胎干细胞或诱导多能干细胞来替代病变组织。在其他类型的细胞中有可能也激活了这种休眠基因网络——例如,成熟肝细胞也具有分裂的能力。”

一些巨噬细胞移植研究表明,移植巨噬细胞有可能确实对再生有用。Sieweke研究小组已证实,在实验室培养物中培育的巨噬细胞没有丧失它们的特性。当注射到小鼠体内时,这些细胞成功地融入到组织中,完成了它们所有的正常功能。这些细胞不仅能够对抗感染,还具有维持组织的重要功能,这是实现再生所需要的。“因此,可以说它们是组织的园丁或守卫者,”Sieweke说。

一直以来,巨噬细胞都被认为是一种进化历史悠久的细胞类型,参与了组织动态平衡和针对病原体的免疫防御过程。这种细胞能帮助我们的机体对有害刺激和组织损伤做出应答反应,尤其在清除死细胞和外源物质中起重要的作用。近年来,一些研究开始逐步揭示出巨噬细胞具有的新功能。

2014年5月,来自纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心,哥伦比亚大学等处的研究人员,在Science杂志上探讨了肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的细胞与分子发生过程,指出了这种特殊细胞的一些特征,这为癌症免疫疗法带来了新希望。

2014年7月,来自宾夕法尼亚周立大学医学院的研究人员在Cell杂志上揭示了,巨噬细胞在调控结肠收缩,推动消化物质通过消化道中所起的作用。

2015年,来自德国路德维希-马克西米利安大学(LMU)的一项最新研究表明,巨噬细胞可以有效地取代树突状细胞,激活T细胞依赖性免疫反应。

巨噬细胞相关的拓展阅读:

原始出处:

Soucie EL, Weng Z, Geirsdóttir L, Molawi K, Maurizio J, Fenouil R, Mossadegh-Keller N, Gimenez G, VanHille L, Beniazza M, Favret J, Berruyer C, Perrin P, Hacohen N, Andrau JC, Ferrier P, Dubreuil P, Sidow A, Sieweke MH.Lineage-specific enhancers activate self-renewal genes in macrophages and embryonic stem cells. Science. 2016 Jan 21. pii: aad5510.

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    2016-01-27 李继凯

    高大上

    0

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    2016-01-26 doctording1

    这篇文章有一定深度

    0

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    2016-01-26 doctording1

    是一篇不错的文章

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1659301, encodeId=a57616593018b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7287861e2ed' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#自我更新#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86172, encryptionId=7287861e2ed, topicName=自我更新)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=764624964499, createdName=xsm926, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 12:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61539, encodeId=477c615398b, content=高大上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 23:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59875, encodeId=09a6598e57a, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59876, encodeId=d311598e6f1, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59426, encodeId=378d59426d9, content=这是好消息, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=174, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:03:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375160, encodeId=2fc913e5160d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 02:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59153, encodeId=e84f5915377, content=喜欢这篇,希望更多类似的报道, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://login.medsci.cn/upload/avatar/1f886e5d12c4637fe453ab919f018749/cb630129a57260ee2ad4a625e102da72.jpg, createdBy=c1d01679078, createdName=circlegirl, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 11:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59145, encodeId=256459145ee, content=好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1ee1610161, createdName=sundyli, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 10:03:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59110, encodeId=4a70591102d, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 00:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59100, encodeId=9a1b59100df, content=怎么让细胞的干细胞基因网被激活,或许对治疗癌也有帮助。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e31c1656664, createdName=永圣, createdTime=Sun Jan 24 23:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-26 doctording1

    这是好消息

    0

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    2016-01-26 jichang
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    2016-01-25 circlegirl

    喜欢这篇,希望更多类似的报道

    0

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    2016-01-25 sundyli

    好!

    0

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    2016-01-25 zhuzhuba1

    0

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    2016-01-24 永圣

    怎么让细胞的干细胞基因网被激活,或许对治疗癌也有帮助。

    0

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