J Exp Med.:对肠道菌群精准化编辑有望降低结直肠癌患病风险

2019-08-07 佚名 细胞

近日,一项刊登在国际杂志Journal of Experimental Medicine上的研究报告中,来自西南医学中心的科学家们通过研究发现,对肠道菌群进行精准编辑或能降低小鼠炎性相关的结直肠癌风险,相关研究结果有望为慢性肠道炎症患者开发新型癌症预防策略。

近日,一项刊登在国际杂志Journal of Experimental Medicine上的研究报告中,来自西南医学中心的科学家们通过研究发现,对肠道菌群进行精准编辑或能降低小鼠炎性相关的直肠癌风险,相关研究结果有望为慢性肠道炎症患者开发新型癌症预防策略。

如今炎性肠病(IBS,Inflammatory bowel disease)在美国影响着160多万的健康,其中溃疡性结肠炎克罗恩病患者的比例大致相同。炎性肠病患者通常患结肠癌的风险较高,WHO将直肠癌列为全球第三大常见的癌症类型,同时其也是恶性肿瘤相关死亡的第二大原因。

研究者Burstein表示,炎性肠病会增加个体3-7倍的患癌风险,基于此,持久性肠道炎症患者通常需要定期进行结肠镜检查,其检查频率是无癌症家族史健康人群的3-10倍,即每1-3年检查一次,而健康人群则每隔10年检查一次。文章中,研究者发现,通过操控肠道微生物组就足以影响肿瘤的发生,我们可以设想,未来我们可以通过改变肠道菌群的行为和组成来成为治疗炎性肠病的一种策略。

除了结直肠癌外,长期的炎性肠病也与肠道中细菌群落的失衡直接相关,研究人员表示,我们的肠道中聚集着多种细菌,其中很多是有益菌群,能够改善机体总体健康;然而在特定状况下,这些微生物群落的正常功能也会被干扰,特定微生物的过度充裕与个体患包括特定癌症在内的多种疾病的风险增加有关。

本文研究中,研究者使用的策略能够靶向作用特殊的代谢通路,这些通路仅在肠道炎症和某些细菌中处于激活状态,这或许就能够减少细菌的丰度;基于此前研究结果,研究人员发现,这种新方法能够帮助抑制或降低结肠炎小鼠模型机体的炎症表现,同时并不会对携带平衡细菌菌群的健康对照动物产生明显效应。Winter博士说道,比如,大部分的大肠杆菌都是无害的,其能够保护机体肠道组织免于其它病原体的入侵,比如沙门氏菌,然而,有一类大肠杆菌却会产生毒素诱导DNA损伤并引发实验动物出现结肠癌;这项研究中,研究人员开发了一种简便的方法(给予小鼠水溶性钨盐使其易于出现炎症)来改变有害细菌产生能量促进其生长的方式,限制这些细菌的生长就能够降低机体肠道的炎症,并降低两种结直肠癌小鼠模型中肿瘤的发生率。

钨是一种重金属,因其具有毒性并不用于人体试验,对肠道微生物进行精准化编辑或许是当前临床策略的一种模式转变,当前的疗法是在患者炎性肠病爆发期间靶向降低其机体炎症,或利用广谱抗生素来杀灭有益和有害的细菌从而降低癌症风险;最后研究者Winter说道,基于本文研究我们发现,通过靶向作用肠道菌群或许就足以有效地影响肿瘤的形成,进而实现癌症治疗的目的。

原始出处:
Zhu W1, Miyata N2,3, Winter MG1, et al.Editing of the gut microbiota reduces carcinogenesis in mouse models of colitis-associated colorectal cancer.J Exp Med. 2019 Jul 29. pii: jem.20181939. doi: 10.1084/jem.20181939. [Epub ahead of print]

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