NEJM:人体试验疗效达100%!基因治疗突破成果

2018-04-20 佚名 生物探索

自从人类开始基因组计划之后,科学家们一直希望有一天可以通过编辑修饰患者的致病基因从根本上治愈疾病。现在,一个国际临床研究小组取得了初步的成功,他们使用基因疗法治疗输血依赖型β-地中海贫血,1-2期临床试验取得100%疗效。

地中海贫血(β-thalassemia)是一种单基因突变引起的遗传性疾病,它损害机体产生血红蛋白关键成分的能力,从而影响氧气输送到器官和组织。患有最严重β-地中海贫血的人需要终身定期接受输注红细胞和去铁治疗。

异基因造血干细胞移植是目前一种可以治愈地中海贫血的方法,但供体可用性和移植相关风险限制了它的使用。自体造血干细胞移植加基因治疗是另一种有希望治愈患者的办法。这种疗法不受限于供体,也没有移植细胞被排异和移植物抗宿主病的风险。但自体造血干细胞移植和基因治疗仍需要进一步增加载体转染造血干细胞效率,提高慢病毒或逆转录病毒载体的安全性,和完善自体造血干细胞移植的条件和程序。

世界首例地中海贫血基因治疗

世界上第一例针对地中海贫血的基因治疗的临床试验是2006年在法国进行的,由Philippe Leboulch博士和Marina Cavazzana博士等国际化研究团队所领导。接受基因治疗的地中海贫血男性患者当时18岁,患有β型地中海贫血症。他从3岁开始输血,严重时每个月都要输血。

在基因疗法试验中,研究人员先利用患者自身的骨髓造血干细胞培养出包括红细胞在内的血液细胞,然后使用病毒作载体,将无缺陷的基因引入到这些细胞中,再用化学手段去除多余细胞,只留下基因缺陷得到修正的红细胞,最后将这些红细胞移植回患者体内。

结果显示,患者自身生成正常红细胞的能力逐渐上升,在接受治疗一年后就不再需要输血了,现在该患者虽然仍有轻微贫血症状,但迄今已经不需要输血,并且已经有了一份全职的厨师工作,这说明基因疗法取得了初步成功。

研究结果于2010年以题为“Transfusion independence and HMGA2 activation after gene therapy of human β-thalassaemia”发表在《自然》杂志上。

输血依赖型β-地中海贫血患者基因治疗

如今,这个国际化研究小组再次合作,进一步改进了试验(主要是病毒载体方面的改进),阶段性结果于2018年4月19日以题为“Gene Therapy in Patients with Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia”发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上。

在预先确定了β-珠蛋白(βA-T87Q)基因的慢病毒载体可替代β地中海贫血患者的长期红细胞输注后,Leboulch希望评估这种基因疗法对输血依赖性β地中海贫血患者的安全性和有效性。

“我们一直希望我们的研究成果能让病人受益,” Leboulch说, “我们已经通过临床前模型以及原理验证阶段的工作,现在可以评估其对这种疾病患者的有效性。”

在新发表NEJM的研究中,Leboulch、Cavazzana及其同事与国际临床研究人员合作,纳入22位输血依赖型地中海贫血患者(12-35岁),治疗地点分布在美国、泰国和法国。

具体来说,在两个1-2期研究中,研究人员从他们身上获得了转导自体CD34+细胞,并用编码成人血红蛋白(HbA)的LentiGlobin BB305载体在体外转导细胞。然后在患者进行清髓预处理后再将细胞回输。

结果发现,输注基因修饰细胞后,13名非β-globin完全缺失(β0/β0表型)患者都停止接受红细胞输血。9例β0/β0表型或IVS1-110突变两个拷贝的患者,年平均输血量减少73%,3例患者中止输注红细胞。而且,没有与药物产品相关的严重不良事件。

Leboulch表示,“在大量病人的多中心试验中,我们看到试验结果的一致性。当然这种治疗方法还有改进的余地,我们希望看到,即便是最严重的疾病患者,也能消除其对输血的依赖。
地中海贫血相关的拓展阅读:

原始出处:

Alexis A. Thompson, Mark C. Walters, et al. Gene Therapy in Patients with Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1479-1493, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705342.

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    2018-04-21 kafei

    学习学习谢谢

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    2018-04-21 329523732

    不错

    0

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    2018-04-20 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

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    2018-04-20 内科新手

    谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多

    0

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    2018-04-20 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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    2018-04-20 sunfeifeiyang

    0

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