重视骨科疼痛全程管理——术前慢性疼痛的管理

2019-08-01 王万明教授 中国医学论坛报

疼痛是骨科最常见的临床问题,骨科“全程疼痛管理”是指患者门诊就诊/入院至出院的持续镇痛。2015年一项汇总了32项研究涵盖30000例患者的荟萃分析提出,“全膝关节置换(TKA)术后3~24个月存在慢性疼痛的比例高于20%,术前疼痛控制不佳是TKA术后慢性疼痛的重要预测因子”。

骨科全程疼痛管理现状

疼痛是骨科最常见的临床问题,骨科“全程疼痛管理”是指患者门诊就诊/入院至出院的持续镇痛。2015年一项汇总了32项研究涵盖30000例患者的荟萃分析提出,“全膝关节置换(TKA)术后3~24个月存在慢性疼痛的比例高于20%,术前疼痛控制不佳是TKA术后慢性疼痛的重要预测因子”。

术前疼痛程度越高,出现术后慢性疼痛的可能性越大,这可能与中枢痛觉敏化有关,且广泛存在于其他外科手术。因此,入院前患者慢性疼痛控制不佳,会阻碍患者功能锻炼,影响手术效果,且影响患者对治疗的评价。

临床上疼痛控制不佳的原因包括,医生对疼痛治疗并未重视,只有剧烈疼痛时才用镇痛药物;习惯使用一种或一类熟悉的镇痛药物,无法做到多模式镇痛;过度恐惧阿片类药物的成瘾风险;缺乏处理阿片类药物不良反应的经验等。

骨科术前慢性疼痛管理的目的

2016 年发表于《中华骨与关节外科杂志》上的《中国髋、膝关节置换术加速康复——围术期疼痛与睡眠管理专家共识》指出,关节置换术围术期疼痛主要包括两个方面,即术前由原发性关节疾病引起的疼痛和术后由于手术创伤引起的疼痛。

疼痛处理的目的在于:①术前缓解由原发性关节疾病带来的疼痛,增加患者手术耐受力;②减轻术后疼痛,更早地开展康复训练,改善关节功能;③降低术后并发症,缩短住院时间;④提高患者对手术质量的满意度,加速康复。

骨科常用镇痛药物

对乙酰氨基酚是骨科镇痛运用最为广泛的药物之一,主要用于缓解轻到中度疼痛,被欧美多个协会推荐用于老年慢性非癌痛的治疗。而过量用药诱导的肝毒性是对乙酰氨基酚临床应用的首要问题。即使在推荐剂量范围,某些具有肝脏基础疾病的患者,对乙酰氨基酚也可直接造成其肝脏损伤。长期大量用药,尤其是肾功能低下者,可出现肾功能衰竭。我国药典对其的使用建议是镇痛日剂量不宜超过2 g/d,疗程不宜超过10日。

环氧化酶抑制剂是临床常用的抗炎镇痛药物,缓解轻到中度疼痛的效果要优于对乙酰氨基酚。根据对环氧化酶(COX)作用的选择性可以分为非选择性COX 抑制剂和COX-2抑制剂。

常见副作用包括消化道损伤、心脑血管疾病、肝毒性、肾毒性、肺毒性以及神经系统和皮肤的不良反应,即使是选择性COX-2抑制剂仍有增加消化道不良反应的风险,心脑血管疾病的风险更是无法避免。

2005年美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)要求所有非类固醇类抗炎药(NSAIDs),在说明书中增加可能引起致死性心血管肠道不良反应的黑框警告;2015年美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)又强化了非阿司匹林NSAIDs引起心脏病和卒中的警告,指出该类不良反应可能在用药的第一周就出现,且随着用药时间的延长发生风险增高。

2005 年欧洲药物管理委员会(EMA)和2008年美国风湿病协会(ACR),对于该类药物的使用推荐为,采用最低的有效剂量和尽量短的疗程以减少NSAIDs的风险;年龄超过75岁、既往有肠疾病史、慢性肾脏病史、心脑血管病史者应禁止或避免使用NSAIDs;禁止老年患者同时服用1 种以上的NSAIDs 类药物。在选用NSAIDs 时,需参阅药物说明书并评估NSAIDs 的胃肠道、心脑肾血管的风险因素。

阿片类药物具有强大的镇痛效果且具有不引起脏器器质性病变的优点,常用的药物包括丁丙诺啡、吗啡、羟考酮等。由于NSAIDs 镇痛效果有限且对于有胃肠道病史、心血管病史、老年人群需要谨慎使用,因此,阿片类药物是疼痛治疗的重要工具。此外,由于不同NSAIDs间的疗效没有明显差异,当使用一种NSAIDs药物,疼痛控制不佳时建议联合或换用阿片类药物。

丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂的首贴管理心得

丁丙诺啡是μ 阿片受体部分激动剂,其产生呼吸抑制和成瘾性发生的风险较吗啡、芬太尼等μ受体完全激动剂低。同时,丁丙诺啡还产生持续时间长于镇痛作用的抗痛觉敏感效应,可能与其在κ阿片受体的拮抗活性有关。丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂7天持续、稳定释放,老年、肾功能不全患者无需调整剂量,适用于骨关节炎、下腰痛等骨科慢性疼痛及骨科术后慢性疼痛患者的治疗。截止目前,我科室使用丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂累计治疗100余例慢性疼痛的患者,临床效果明显。对于该贴剂的首贴使用的心得与大家分享如下。

使用心得

推荐人群的选择:

①老年慢性中重度慢性疼痛患者同时伴有塞来昔布等NSAIDs药物控制不佳和(或)NSAIDs高风险因素;②需要长期使用镇痛药物的患者;③肾功能不全及轻、中度肝功能受损的慢性疼痛患者。

可能会发生恶心、呕吐等不良反应的人群特征:

①体重较轻的和(或)更年期女性;②有晕车、晕船史的患者;③有颈椎动脉型颈椎病史的患者。上述不适症状大多在用药初期,且在3~7天内缓解,不会对脏器造成器质性伤害。如有必要,可提前给予甲氧氯普胺5~10 mg tid来预防。症状严重者可以给予昂丹司琼等抗5-HT3类药物进行对症处理。

避免用药主要人群特征:

①呼吸中枢和功能严重受损者;②精神状态异常者;③正在使用单胺氧化酶抑制剂或前两周内使用过该类药物的患者;④肌无力患者。

贴剂应连续使用7天:

起效需要12小时左右。前3天内,如果觉得还有疼痛无法忍受,可以补充NSAIDs;使用3天后,可以增加一贴,同时停掉NSAIDs。

首次使用注意事项:

第一次使用贴剂的最初几天,注意休息,多饮水或浓茶,减少日常活动,如逛街、旅游、驾车等。

淋浴、盆浴或游泳都不应影响贴剂的使用。

不适症状的控制:

部分患者在用药的最初几天会发生恶心、呕吐、头晕等不适症状,除便秘外,上述不适症状可在短期内缓解,如症状未缓解甚至加重,需要告知患者撕掉贴剂并及时复诊。

使用部位:

贴在上臂外侧、后背上部、前胸上部、胸部侧方等其中一个部位即可(图)。



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    2020-12-12 14763726m01暂无昵称

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    2019-08-03 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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